George Lucas THX 1138 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World Essay

George Lucas THX 1138 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World - Essay Example Huxley's opening passage immediately draws attention to this illusion of dystopian literature as follows: A squat grey building of only thirty-four stories. Over the main entrance the words, CENTRAL LONDON HATCHERY AND CONDITIONING CENTRE, and, in a shield, the World State's motto, COMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY (Huxley 3). The "squat grey building" is symbolic of happiness and stands in sharp contrast to the World State's motto of community, identity and stability. Each component of the World State's motto can therefore be taken as subtle indicators of intense control, although initially the motto can lead to an early impression of a utopian society. Early warnings of this false impression of utopia are also found in the prominently displayed sign over the grey building: CENTRAL LONDON HATCHERY AND CONDITIONING CENTRE. This signs draw immediate attention of state control. THX 1138 however gets directly to the measure of control in society and makes no illusions about the nature of repressed freedom in its opening scene. The film introduces THX-1138 who is seen requesting "something stronger" from his medicine cabinet (THX-1138). Population and mind control is prominently unveiled in this opening scene by the request for something stronger. This is a less subtle approach than the opening in Brave New World where the population and mind control is inferred from the sign displayed on the grey building. In both works the opening scenes introduces two different types of control designed to bring about vastly similar results: control of the population. In Brave New World the Director takes a group of students on a tour of the London Hatchery and the reader learns through this tour that the State controls reproduction by extracting and genetically fertilizing ovaries to control the numbers of human beings produced. In THX 1138, population control is commandeered by controlling sexual desire through the use of sedative drugs. The sedatives are mandatory and cannot be altered as they control sexual desire. Sexual intercourse is an offence in THX 1138 whereas sexual intercourse is encouraged in Brave New World and is of no consequence to reproduction since the State controls reproduction. Ultimately, the underlying themes in THX 1138 and Brave New World is control through mind conditioning and manipulation. Both works create communities where one on one ties are entirely discouraged and people exist in a world characterized by community relations. Individuality is entirely discouraged. Both works are heavily themed by the concept that individuality provides division and division leads to instability. In furtherance of this ideology, Brave New World focuses on a world where infants are produced in caste systems where they are conditioned to comport with their designated class and status. For instance Delta babies are conditioned to dislike books and nature through associative therapy (Astrachan 35). In this therapeutic exercise, the babies at the Hatchery are naturally inclined to craws toward picture books and flowers. However, they are quickly men by a series of terrifying sounds which instinctively lead to an intense dislike for books and nature. In THX

Discussion Questions In Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion Questions In Class - Essay Example A limited liability partnership is an organization in which a number of partners or all of them have limited liability. It is true that this type of organization provides the protection of limited liability, characteristics of a corporation and tax advantages of a partnership, and that there exists many similarities between the limited liability corporation and this kind of partnership. According to Sutton (2001), the limited liability corporation reports its income on a â€Å"schedule corporation tax form and computes its self-employment tax on a schedule self employment tax form†. In the case of multiple member liability limited corporation, self employment tax is paid on the member’s allocations on profits. The corporation’s income is reported separately on a 1065 tax return for partnership with each partner computing the bills for self employment tax on their allocations of partnership gains on the schedule self employment tax forms that go along with the 1040 returns on personal tax (Clifford and Warner 2008). It is therefore not true to say that the profit is not subject to self employment tax. A corporation is taxed and also files taxes. It is also important to note that individuals in the partnership are protected against joint liability in the case of one partner or many in the business commits an act of malpractice or misconduct. It is only the assets of the member who has been proofed to have caused failure due to negligence which are attached in case of business failure (Sutton 2001). When it is treated as a corporation, pay self employment tax is not charged on the corporation’s profit. However, according to Sutton (2001), the 1120 of the liability Limited Corporation reports the corporate income tax that is subjected on the profits. The corporation is usually limited by the shares. Non U.S. residents are allowed to own limited liability corporations. It is

Genetically modified food Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified food Essay GMO foods are such an embedded part of our food system these days, but it’s not difficult to think back to a time when food was simpler and healthier. How did we get to the point that genetically modified organisms infiltrate so much of what we eat? Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a foods genetic structure. The introduction of genetically modified food has created both benefits and conflicts among people. The idea of producing food with desirable qualities paved the way for the development of genetically modified food worldwide. Scientists were able to isolate genes with favourable traits and insert them in crops to produce food that can resist drought, insects, pesticides and even is more nutritious. It started by developing a tomato with a longer shelf life in 1994 called Flavr Savr. But then, it was found that consumption of this engineered tomato caused stomach lesions in rats, thus, raising issues about the safety of genetically modified food in general. Since then, the debate raise on the disadvantages of consumption of genetically modified food. Below are just some examples of the long list of disadvantages of such practice; 1. The safety of such products is not verified yet, in fact, we are the lab rats to test the safety of such technology. This is sad but true. In fact, genetically engineered food is being consumed daily with no thorough research of its potential threats on human health. 2. Genetically modified ingredients can cause cancer. A consultant histopathologest at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Dr Stanley Ewen, raised the concern that food and water contaminated with genetically engineered material could increase the growth of malignant tumours upon contact with humans. Later, other studies suggested a link between engineered food and cancer.

Influence of Mass Media :: Media

"People are more influenced by mass media than they think. What evidence is there to support this statement?" By Mass Media I mean 'the whole body of media reaching large numbers of public' the major ones being newspapers, television and the Internet. The main purposes of mass media are to provide information, entertainment and advertisement. In this essay I will discuss the influence that Mass Media has in the general public and give the evidence to support the statement "People are more influenced by mass media than they think.…". The history of mass media can be said that started from the ancient Greece. Philosophers, generals and politicians of the ancient Society discuss issues and after spread to the public by the use of word of mouth. The ancient Greek Drama and poetry can be considered as a form of mass media, communicates a message to the society. In other words since the early years people has always being influenced by Mass Media. In today's world people cannot live without Mass Media and with the help of technological improvements to send messages to the masses is becoming easier and easier. As we are been shower with tons of advertising, information and other sort of materials by the different types of Mass Media has influence in our everyday life styles. Newspapers are typically daily or weekly publication that contains news and opinion of current events, featuring articles, and advertising. By fact ‘there are now about 9000 daily newspapers around the world.' Therefore newspapers reach a wide audience worldwide, which is why newspaper is a type of Mass Media. The newspapers are an incredible influence tool in society; they can easily turn on people emotions in favor or against an issue or something. This is because we as readers tend to believe everything that is written in the newspaper even do it might be the wrong information. We can take the case around 12 years ago of the murder of James Bulger by Robert Thompson and Jon Venables, the British press had alleged that the kids were influence to commit such an act because of a spiteful video that they had watched, at the end the end they two kinds had not seen that video. What does this tell us about the newspapers? They mislead information that goes to the public which immediately influences the public to react, in this case the parent of kids prosecute the media that had influence their kids, but they don't know that the same media is influencing them to do act that way.

If it is possible Xiaomi trade in SA

Leno's purchase of Motorola Mobility became official on same day, and with its new subsidy, the company has become the third-largest smartened manufacturer in the world with 8 percent market share, bumping Axiom down to fourth. Still, Axiom said it has its sights set on raising enough money to become the world's most valuable private tech firm. 1. 2 International expansion In just four years, Axiom, which is known colloquially as â€Å"little rice,† has gone from a strictly low-end producer to competition for some of the largest mobile companies in China such as Apple Inc. ND Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Now, global expansion is on the horizon, but there are plenty of hurdles for Axiom to export its phones and its philosophy to the West. This called Axiom must enter the international market The process started early last ear by testing water in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. Axiom's flash sale strategy proved a huge success in these markets. Beginning of this year, Axiom ann ounced Axiom would expand to 10 countries this year.We can see that Axiom wanted to target markets similar to China, developing countries with huge population where its low price is an advantage. Assai: Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam; Europe: Russia, Turkey; America: Brazil, Mexico. We can see, Africa isn't in its expanding list. But we group strongly recommended Axiom export South Africa, the reason and the strategy analysis as below. . South Africa PEST Analysis and Cell industry introduction by ups 2. Political South Africa is a parliamentary republic, although unlike most such republics the President is both head of stated head of government, and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution, and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional. The National Assembly, the lower house of Parli ament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years y a system of party-list proportional representation.The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial electroluminescent ten members. After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as President; hence the President serves a term of office the same as that Of the Assembly, normally five years. NO President may serve more than two terms in office. The President appoints a Deputy President and Ministers, who form the Cabinet which consists of Departments and Ministries.The President and the Cabinet may be moved by the National Assembly by a motion of no confidence. In the most recent election, held on 7 May 2014, the African National Congress (NC) won 62. 2% of the vote and 249 seats, while the main opposition, the Democratic Alliance (DAD) won 22. 2% of the vote and 89 seats. The Economic Freedom Fighters, founded by Julius Male, the former President of the Ann.'s Youth Wing who was later expelled from the NC, won 6. 4% of the vote and 25 seats.The NC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid. Since 2004, the country has had many thousands of popular protests, some Eileen, making it, according to one academic, the â€Å"most protest-rich country in the world†. There have been a number of incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts and civil society organizations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression, or a decline in political tolerance.Leaders of the BRICKS nations at the G-20 summit in Brisbane, 15 November 2014. South African President Jacob Zamia and Chinese President Huh Joints upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries on 24 AUgUSt 201 0, hen they signed the Beijing Agreement, which elevated South Africans earlier â€Å"s trategic partnership† with China to the higher level of â€Å"comprehensive strategic partnership† in both economic and political affairs, including the strengthening of exchanges be;en their respective ruling parties and legislatures.In April 2011, South Africa formally joined the Brazil-Russia-India- China (BRICKS) grouping of countries, identified by President Zamia as the country's largest trading partners, and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole. Zamia asserted that BRICKS member countries would also ark with each other through the SIN, the Group of Twenty (620) and the India, Brazil South Africa (BIBS) forum. By 201 3, China have become the single largest trading partner of South Africa. 2. 2 Economy South Africa has a mixed economy, the second largest in Africa after Nigeria.It also has a relatively high GAP per capita compared to other countries in sub-Sahara Africa ($1 1,750 at APP as of 2012). Despite this, south Africa is still burdened b y a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment, and is also ranked in the top 10 countries in the world for income inequality, measured by the Gin coefficient. Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy; according to COED estimates, only 15% of South African jobs are in the informal sector, compared with around half in Brazil and India and nearly three-quarters in Indonesia.The COED attributes this difference to South Africans widespread welfare system. World Bank research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GNP versus its Human Development Index ranking, with only Botswana showing a larger gap. After 1 994 overspent policy brought down inflation, stabilized public finances, and some foreign capital was attracted, however growth was still subpart. From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and capital formation increased. South Africa is a popular tourist des tination, and a substantial amount of revenue comes from tourism.Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading. Many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994. Principal international trading partners of South Africa-?besides other African countries-?include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and Spain. The South African agricultural industry contributes around of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual laborers and contributing around 2. 6% of GAP for the nation.Due to the aridity of the land, only 13. 5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land. In August 2013, South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by FED magazine based on the country's economic potential, labor environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendl iness, and foreign direct environmentalist's. The IFS ranks South Africa as the 36th safest tax haven in the world, ahead Of the Philippines but behind the Bahamas. 2. 3 social During 1995-2003, the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased; overall unemployment worsened.The government's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from Nave Magenta, lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa, for focusing â€Å"almost exclusively on promoting individual wineries by black people (which) does little to address broader economic disparities, though the rich may become more diverse. † Official affirmative action policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class. Other problems include state ownership and interference, which impose high barriers to entry in many areas.Restrictive labor regulations have contributed to the unemployment malaise. Along with many African nation s, South Africa has been experiencing a ‘brain drain in the past 20 years. This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy, not in citation given][clarification needed]and is almost certainly detrimental for the well-being of those reliant on the healthcare infrastructure. The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad.However, the statistics which purport to show a brain drain are disputed and also do not account for repatriation and expiry of foreign work contracts. According to several surveys there has been a reverse in brain drain following the global uncial crisis of 2008-2009 and expiration of foreign work contracts. In the first quarter of 2011, confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of in a UPS survey. 2. 4 Technological Several important scientific and technological develo pments have originated in South Africa.The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiana Bernard at Grotto Churl Hospital in December 1967, Max Tiller developed a vaccine against yellow fever, Allan McLeod Carjack pioneered x-ray computed tomography, and Aaron Kaleidoscope aerographical electron microscopy techniques. With the exception of that of Bernard, all of these advancements were recognized with Nobel Prizes. Sydney Brenner won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in molecular biology.Mark Shuttlecock founded an early Internet security company Thaw, that was subsequently bought out by world-leader Version. Despite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology, IT and other high technology fields, no other notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa. It is the expressed objective of he government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realization tha t South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karol Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the ?1. 5 billion Square Kilometer Array project. On 25 May 201 2 it was announced that hosting of the Square Kilometer Array Telescope will be split over both the South African and the Australia/New Zealand sites.Telecommunications infrastructure in South Africa provides modern and efficient service to urban areas, including cellular and internet services. In 1 997, Talked, the South African telecommunications partially, was partly privatized and entered into a strategic equity partnership with a consortium of two companies, including CBS, a U. S. Telecommunications company. In exchange for exclusivity ( a monopoly) to provide certain services for 5 years, Talked assumed an obligation to facilitate network modernization and expansion into the unseeded areas.A Second Network Operator was to be licensed to compete with Talked across its spectrum of services in 2002, although this license was only officially handed over in late 2005 and has recently begun operating under the name, Motel . Five cellular companies provide service to over 30 million subscribers, with South Africa considered to have the 4th most advanced mobile telecommunications network worldwide. The five cellular providers are Voodoos, MET, Cell C,Virgin Mobile and Talked (Mobile), which is run by Talked. 2.Mobile Industry Telecommunications is one of the fastest growing sectors of South Africans economy, driven by explosive growth in mobile telephony and broadband connectivity. With a network that is 99. 9% digital and includes the latest in fixed-line, wireless and satellite communication, the country has the most dev eloped telecoms network in Africa. South Africans has a relatively low rate of fixed-line telephony, with around 4. 2;million fixed-line connections (I TU, 201 0). Fixed-line telephony is dominated by Talked, which is listed on the SSE and majority owned by the Department of Communications.Telecoms monopoly in running fixed-line services came to an end in 2006, when the country's second fixed-line operator, Motel, began its operations. Majority- owned by Indian's Data Communications, Motel offers voice and data services to around 9-million customers. Mobile phone use in South Africa has increased from 17% of adults in 2000 to 76% in 201 0, according to research firm Nielsen Southern Africa. Today, more South Africans 29-million use mobile phones than radio (28-million), TV (27-million) or personal computers (6-million).Less than 5-million South Africans use landlines phones. South Africa has four licensed mobile operators: MET N, Voodoos (majority owned by UK Videophone), Cell C (75 % owned by Saudi Ogre, an international telecommunications holdings firm), and ATA, a subsidiary of Talked. Mobile penetration is estimated at more than 1 0%, one of the highest rates in the world. South African mobile companies are also making inroads internationally, with MET leading the way: the company has well over 1 O- million subscribers in more than 20 countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.The increase in usage of mobile and smartness has also lead to increasing numbers of South Africans using the Internet. There were an estimated 8. 5-million users by the end of 201 1, up from 6. 8-million the year before. It is projected that the 10-million user barrier will be broken by the end of 201 2 (World Wide Word, May 2012). While mobile phones are driving usage, data costs are being driven down by the increasing number of undersea cables connecting sub-Sahara Africa to the rest of the world. Undersea cable capacity to South Africa at the end of 201 1 was 2. 69 Terabyte a s econd (Tips), and that will rise to 11. Tips by the end of 2012. This doubled again in 2013. The government, via the Department of Communications, aims to implement a national broadband network to ensure universal access by 2020. Broadband Infract, the state-owned company tasked with improving internet access and bringing down broadband prices, sells high-capacity long-distance transmission services to telecoms operators, internet service providers and other value added network service providers. MET N, Voodoos and Motel are jointly building a skim fiber-optic cable en;ark connecting several major centers across South Africa.The first phase of the cable, linking Sautà ©ing with Zulu-Natal, as commissioned in June 2010. Fibbers Telecommunications is building a 12 km national open-access fiber-optic broadband network, which will increase the supply of long-distance capacity between major cities such as Johannesburg, Cape Toffee and Durban, as well as towns and rural areas along the r oute. It is a partnership between Cell C, CIT firm Internet Solutions, and investment management and advisory firm Convergence Partners. Provinces, via their municipalities, also have plans to invest in affordable broadband infrastructure.The Western Cape, for example, aims to connect the 4 000 overspent facilities and every school in the province to a broadband network, as well as ensure the public has easy access to CIT facilities. 3. How to operate Axiom in South Africa 3. 1 The smartened market in AS Lees see a South African Mobile Report reveals the mobile phone brands of choice by South Africans Internet users, which showed that the most popular mobile phone brands among the country's Internet users are BlackBerry, Samsung, Monika, and Apple.The following chart shows the mobile phone brands owned by South African Internet users. Mobile phone brands owned in AS It should be noted that a single user can own multiple devices. 3. 2 What phones South Africans really want Smartened purchase preference The low position of Apple's phone (12. 3%) is mainly attributed to the fact that phones are relatively expensive in the country. The similar proportion Apple in these two chart shows the Apple purchaser has kind of brand loyalty.High owned level of Monika and Blackberry exceed two thirds, but preference of these two brand account less than one third, many South Africans plan to purchase a Samsung smartened when they upgrade their current phone. Samsung is expected to be the market leader in South Africa over the next few years. So we assume here that more people tend to price sensitive in choosing smartened, and the biggest competitors could be Samsung, we have great market space to serve in the price sensitive smartened users. 3. 3 How does Axiom benefit S. A. smartened users?Specs Comparison between Mi 4 vs. Samsung vs. Expire Z vs. ETC MM We clearly see the main specs among these new generation phones , MI are more competitive in RAM and Battery use based on t he similarities of other specs. We check from commerce website ,the price of Samsung SO sell ERROR, in exchange with ARM, about RHOMB ,kind of lower the price compare with China. But after calculating the changing price ,Samsung still has higher in half than MIM. So from both pictures to illustrate , we find the Axiom user will enjoy the fast speed of operating, touch, big screen, nice design, and very competitive price. . 4 How to position it? For the nice experience with good price, the dynamic image will attract more young generation and the group people who more care the good performance-cost that are our advantages , less brand loyalty users tend to our first lot users in AS. )Butte need to cultivate our own brand fans, our business model and the process of manufacturing are difficult to be copied by other international brand , and it is impossible for AS local people to do such kind of brand, from product itself we have great advantage 2)Low level image difficult to be changed when you want to enter into the high level .So we position our products as high quality ,good In cost performance . 3. 5 Business Model in overseas trade For supplies, we still put manufacturers in China, some good suppliers we have been cooperated with , air ship to South Africa by CA airlines. TO open he market we need to find more channels, social medias are still our main tool to do marketing, for it is difficult to find a close partner as agent to do that , but finding exclusive agents also is our acceptable way in South Africa market.At the beginning Partnered with local commerce website such as Edgewise (claimed largest online mall in South Apical). South Africa Official Faceable Page We might sell its products on its official website in the future. We might cooperate the local agents having the experience store to sell together. With a bit higher price , ERROR for MIM is similar to the price buying Samsung SO, the old generation of Samsung and one-year distributor warranty. Unitary products and concentration Every year only arise one product, and focus on it; Focus on one price point, only do one product.This strategy has help the company to better control the quality, especially technology about the hardware. We can continue this business model in AS Already invite costumer to participate in the product design At the beginning of designing the products, Axiom listen to costumer's opinion widely and this action make the products more cater to costumer's needs and second potentially arouse the purchase desire of consumer. N SAC'S experience store,We will invite AS local to participate in the product improvement.Treat costumer friendly and provide petty favors After the first launch of MOM, when they buy the products, we will give them coupon and a thank you letter, together with a film to protect the mobile phone. All these actions can make the consumer deeply feel the sense of belonging to Axiom Company and win good public praise. High configuration b ut low price-â€Å"Future Goods†, price difference with the nominal and actual Axiom's normal price is 1999 however the actual price to buy it normally is ore than 1 999 even is 2499 as it use the strategy â€Å"Panic buying†.Costumer finally buy it with even with price 2499 which is much higher than the nominal price they still think it's worthy. And this is the key point for Axiom to success to use customer's mentality. This will be our main strategy in AS. To develop greatly in AS,we will put effort to attract local Venture Investment. After the first launch of MOM,we will develop other products to be aliened with domestic:Hardware,Software and Internet service. In summary, we start by launching local official website and Faceable Page, ND local forum.We would choose to sell its product on local official website, or cooperate with local e-commerce website. Gradually, when we could fully localize and solve delivery and payment issues, it will sell on its official web site, also the not very low price, we can cooperate with local agent to have experience store. 4. Risk and Return Analysis by SOOT We need to think about risks in South Africa The news for Axiom over the internet can be easily found, but not all of them are good news. The good news is that Axiom keeps its strong performance in China market. 1 Creativeness However, recent news by PC World questioned privacy concerns about Axiom sending user data its server without permission. What's more, Axiom's globalization is shadowed by its claim of â€Å"Apple of China†. The launch of MIL 6 soon got tech media's critics of â€Å"copying ISO 7†. Its goanna take Axiom a long time to build its brand internationally, It will not be an easy battle for Axiom to change its global image of â€Å"copycat†, but we will have to wait and see. 4. 2 Leadership Axiom's CEO Lei June plays an important role in Axiom's marketing in China.But stepping out of China, nobody knows Lei June. Rath er than being an positive brand influence, Lei Sun's early claim of being â€Å"Steve Jobs† in China actually is a big hurdle for Axiom's globalization. Nobody will care about an imitator. 4. 3 E-Commerce Channel Axiom's flash sale in China is extremely successful, with direct online-only sale on its official website. But the e-commerce business environment may differ in different countries, marketing, logistics and customer services varied. How Axiom remain close relationships with its customers will be an even cougher challenge for the culture understanding. . 4 Quality Control When going abroad in AS, Axiom should pay more attention to its quality control to prevent large scale complaints, and really focus on customer services to build up the brand's word-of-mouth. After all, high quality smartened with low price is everything to Axiom. 4. 5 Chain Expansion Africa is so different with other continents, the country we target has the highest GAP level in Africa, and most cou ntries in Africa people cannot imitate the consumption habit, many are considering the basic needs.

Charles Dickens Great Expectations - 1283 Words

Charles Dickens, an English author who is accountable for creating classics such as Oliver twist, A Tale of two cities, and A Christmas Carol is regarded as one of the most influential authors ever. When Great expectations got published in 1861, it got mixed criticism but ever since the 20th century until the present it’s now received the â€Å"classic† status. Great Expectations is a standout amongst the most well-known and tremendously cherished books by the immense expert of Victorian exposition, Charles Dickens. Like the majority of his extraordinary books, Great Expectations has Dickens splendid utilization of character and plot- - alongside a mind blowing awareness and understanding for the way that the British social class was assembled in the nineteenth century. This novel is about a young boy named Pip who finds himself being helped by a benefactor. The unspecified person then gives him currency to fund for his practices in gentlemen mannerisms. As the story progresses, Pip learns about adapting into this social class because of his wealth. He encounters Estella, his love interest and tries to figure out the mystery behind Miss Havisham. Along with other sub plots, Pip’s journey in the novel is a coming of age story and you can see the maturity and wisdom from him at the end of the novel. This novel has complex characters, fascin ating symbols, sensible archetypes, and themes that are still and always relevant to society. Great Expectations is set closeShow MoreRelatedGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1113 Words   |  5 Pagesadventures that the male characters go on. This seems to be relevant in a lot of movies and books like the story Great Expectations by Charles Dickens. In Great Expectations there are multiple female characters like Estella, Biddy, and Miss Havisham who all play a large part in the main character, Pip’s life. One of the first that we meet the character Estella in Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is when Pip goes to Miss Havisham’s to play with her. The two kids play the game beggar my neighbor when EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1347 Words   |  6 Pagespoor status of the economy, social mobility does not seem to be occurring at high rates, with the poor getting poorer and rich getting richer. Despite this, social mobility is alive and well, and has been for centuries. In his novel, Great Expectations, Charles Dickens voices the concerns of many that lived in Victorian England during the 19th century by promoting such a desire to live life in a more prosperous social class. One of the most fundamental and reoccurring themes in the novel is that ofRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1426 Words   |  6 Pages Twelve-year-old Charles dickens gets ready for bed after a long day at the blacking house. These Victorian-aged memories will provide him with many ideas for his highly acclaimed novel Great Expectations. Set in 1830 England, Great Expectations is a coming-of-age story about a common innocent boy named Pip and his road to becoming a gentleman through the influence of others. Pip is influenced both positively and negatively by Estella, Herbert, and Magwitch. Estella left a huge impression on PipRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations943 Words   |  4 Pages This is true in many cases but none as much as in Great Expectations. In many ways the narrator/protagonist Pip is Charles Dickens in body and mind. While there are many differences between the story and Charles Dickens life there remains one constant. This constant is the way Pip as the narra tor feels, because these feelings are Dickens s own feelings about the life he lead. Since Great Expectations was written towards end of Charles Dickens life, he was wiser and able to make out the mistakesRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens1375 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens and The Talented Mr Ripley by Anthony Minghella present similar criticisms of society to a large extent. Both of these texts consider the criticisms of rich social contexts (wealth and status), societal morality (whether a society is good or not. Status [can lead to the wrong people being in a high position i.e. making bad decisions affecting the community/society] Appearance [society appears to be moral/good (if you’re from a higher status) {dickens criticisesRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1223 Words   |  5 PagesBeloved author Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, England. Growing up in a life of poverty, his childhood hardshi ps provided the inspiration to write a myriad of classic novels including his 1861 seminole masterpiece, Great Expectations (â€Å"BBC History - Charles Dickens†). Great Expectations follows the life of an orphan named Pip, who’s perspective of the world is altered when he is attacked by an escaped convict in his parents’ graveyard in the town of Kent. Throughout hisRead MoreGreat Expectations By Charles Dickens924 Words   |  4 Pagesa character driven novel, or a mix of the two. In order for a novel to be character driven, it must revolve more around the characters’ individual thoughts, feelings, and inner struggles, rather than around the quest of the story. Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, is a character driven novel. While the story does have a plot, it is not contingent upon that plot, but rather is reliant upon its characters and their natures. This is evident from the beginning of the novel. From the opening ofRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1669 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens He was one of England s greatest authors of the 1800 s, better known as the Victorian era. The various themes and ideas of that time are perfectly showcased in his many novels and short stories, such as Nicholas Nickelby, Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and A Christmas Carol. Much of the inspiration for these works came from the trials and conflicts that he dealt with in his own life. His volumes of fictional writing show the greatRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations1017 Words   |  5 Pagesexperiencer is somewhere else absorbing knowledge of a different setting.This abstract adventure is seized by author Charles Dickens in Great Expectations. Great Expectations is historical fiction giving readers comprehension of the Victorian Era.Upon the reading, readers begin to catch on the intended purpose and its significance. A person who lived during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens himself.He grew up during a time where differences in social class were to an extreme degree.Dickens went through

Feminist legal theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3241 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Society Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Gender Equality Essay Gender Essay Did you like this example? The essentialism critique has posed a serious challenge to Feminist Legal Theory. Can the challenge be overcome? The importance of feminism to legal theory as a whole is, and always should be, the highlighting of hidden social and legal norms that society and legal scholars ignore behind a faÃÆ' §ade of neutrality. The problem for feminism as a foundationalist attack on the assumptions of law, rather than law in itself, is its status as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"social movement that radically challenges existing hierarchiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[1]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Feminist legal theory" essay for you Create order The main problem of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ such as feminism is that they are generally their own worst enemies in that seeking to replace existent norms they put in place ones that have just as many hidden dialectics as the previous norms. In many ways feminist legal theory has never quite been sure of itself, there is an underlying dissatisfaction with the treatment of women in society generally but no clear way forward. Grosz[2] pointed out that feminist legal scholars who had initially fought for equality quickly discovered that equality merely meant equality at male standards and had to swap equality-discourse for autonomous-discourse, namely an adherence to liberal principles of self-determination for women and men to create their own experiences. In the initial stages of this realisation the feminist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ seemed to falter at the enormity of the iceberg of which they had discovered the tip. The current critiques of femini sm fundamentally question the aim and possibility of any concept of feminism just as they discovered with equality, the question this work fundamentally attempts to answer is whether there is any potential for redemption of feminist theory. The problem is that a theory can only reach a certain abstraction before it becomes of any use, Minow has argued the anti-essentialist critique of feminism points out the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"un-stated reference points that hide from view a preferred position and shield it from challenge by other plausible alternativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3] have been uncovered within feminism. This means that the enormity of the task that was facing feminists when challenging merely the male reference points within law has increased exponentially in constructing a sensible view of feminism, however a subject such as this was always going to be ripe for a post-modern critique. It is as well to understand the fundamental arguments at stake and begin to fully articulate what we mean by the critique of essentialism and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s meaning for feminist accounts of law. The idea of essentialism can be fundamentally described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the notion that there is a monolithic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can be described independent of other facets of experience like race, class and sexual orientationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[4]. The use of meta-narratives is a common tool within all western legal theory and is supposed to have come from much of enlightenment thought, the fundamental idea of the enlightenment was that humans could describe and comprehend their own existence without reference to a God. This desire in rational scholars to reduce theories to meta-narratives has been exposed in recent years by scholars that wish to show how these meta-narratives have inherent assumptions that underpin them. There are many feminist writers who espouse feminist meta-narratives, Robin Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â €ž ¢s account is probably the most forthright of these, in her account it isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t so much a hidden assumption but a declaration of faith: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The claim that we are individuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"firstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the claim that what separates us is epistemologically and morally prior to what connects us à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" while trivially true of men, are patently untrue of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[5] West argued that the potentiality for motherhood was a defining characteristic of all women and that it connected them and gave them a fundamentally unique link; she also argued that other experiences such as menstruation, heterosexual penetration and breastfeeding all gave women a connected nature. Many other writers didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make forthright assumptions such as this but rather took a different essentialist stance the archetypal villain here is Catherine MacKinnon[6] who implicitly argues that the distinctions between women are of a le sser importance than the distinction between men and women. She is accused of having a colour-blind approach that privileges her opinions of what it is to be a woman over say a black woman[7] or a lesbian[8], even when such writers acknowledge the distinctions between women they socially construct those differences so as to make no difference[9]. In MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case this was seen as a failure to acknowledge the non-subordination to men that lesbian writers claim to experience through their sexuality, this was rejected by MacKinnon as she still saw sexuality as constructed by male dominance however this means that were we to accept fully MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"millennialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ moment where a groupsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ qualities become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"part of the standard by which humanity is measuredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[10] that standard would represent a white heterosexual womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience and still leave black or lesbi an womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experiences unprivileged. The above debate is at the heart of the problem for a corpus of writers that we could varyingly call traditional feminists, stage two feminists or essential feminists. It is the critique, by feminist writers, of feminist ideals that has proved so divisive for the theory. The central issue for reflective writers on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dominant discourseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and its inherent ignorance of internal distinctions has been to consider the position of feminism in the aftermath of these realisations. There is no rebuttal of an anti-essentialist stance; perhaps because feminist writers were quick to appreciate their own methods being used internally against the feminist movement, any arguments that rebutted the anti-essentialist stance would also rebut the main propositions of these feminist writers. This quandary for feminist writers is reflected in a wider difficulty for current accounts of law that are primarily based on meta-narratives of neutrality and are challenged by postmodernist accounts. The problem with this for feminism is that the identification of women as a non-unitary group nor even a group in which one can describe a baseline existential commonality is that it pulls down every effort of feminism because equality for women becomes equality for white heterosexual women, the challenging of male paradigms in law with reference to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"femaleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ paradigms and discourse on the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subordination of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are all undermined. This has lead to feminists using postmodernism as a vehicle in attempting to overcome the essentialism problem and revitalising feminism as a vehicle for social and legal change. However as this writer will show this attempt has been ultimately unsuccessful and could perhaps lead to a rejection of feminism. The approach has been different from many writers and this is precisely what has cause d confusion for any sensible restructuring of the debate. The anti-essentialist feminists do not argue the same point, some argue that all that is required is a widening of the appreciation of the intra-women differences not just an acknowledging of them but a deeper understanding of the lesbian and black existential experiences. On reading much of the writing surrounding same-sex provisions in law there is a continual theme that assimilating lesbians and gays into marriage isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sufficient, marriage is a concept that implies monogamy and stability for children both fundamental attitudes that many homosexuals do not agree with given their existential experiences. In similarity, many post-modern feminists merely ask for a deeper understanding of the concept of women, namely that what being a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is for a white heterosexual woman isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t so for black, homosexual women[11]. Some feminists such as Crenshaw have taken a novel approach and suggested that rather than talking about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in some form of meta-narrative that the only way to escape the essentialist mindset is to develop a theory talks to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"intersectional experiences of those whom the movement claim as their respective constituentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12], she argues what essentialism has done is to compartmentalise the struggles of constituents of various disadvantaged group, she seems to be arguing that any discourse about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ought to take a bottom-up approach that aims to make things not just better for women but better for black, lesbian women or some other similarly constructed individual that represents the praxis of intersectional discrimination experiences[13]. However, in my opinion this defence to the essentialism critique is unconvincing when we look at the fundamental claim that many anti-essentialists are making is that discourse about wo men generally makes patriarchal assumptions such as the naturalness of heterosexuality[14], the ability to deal with this by simply putting those who are seen as most disadvantaged at the centre of reform efforts and thereby treating the needs of only singularly disadvantaged individuals is unconvincing. In my opinion the widening of such a concept obliterates any meaning that concepts of disadvantaged people can have; is it possible to say that discrimination, in itself is unitary, by this I mean that an assumption that says we can challenge meta-narratives by widening the meta-narrative fail to realise that the same critique will apply to widened meta-narratives. The realisation, for example, that the discrimination transsexuals feel is based on a binary view of gender challenges the entire notion of gender as we understand that concept. Such challenges cannot be lumped together because of their disparate nature; how do we de-privilege a binary view of sex without necessarily blur ring the very real discrimination women suffer in our society? These exact concerns have motivated many feminists to try and reject post-modern feminist stances: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equivalence of all biases and particularities and reduces the feminist ethic to just one of many equally valid viewpoints [and] if taken to its ultimate conclusion must condone an anarchist and wholly de-regulated economic and social policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15] However the post-modern feminists do have other strings to their bows, Bell Hooks has argued for a particularly novel solution to the problem in that she advocates that that we reconfigure feminism as a movement that one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"advocatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rather than what one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The distinction allows people of disparate identities and who donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fully subscribe to hard-line feminism to still use it as a movement through which we can challenge sexual discrimination and oppression. In many ways this seems like Catherine MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retort to her post-modern critics[16] who argue that feminism is not essentialism in the sense that it is not making any pre-destined assumptions about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ just that there are commonalities between women that exist in the way that they are treated in that all women are subordinated in certain ways and therefore we must argue for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on that basis. There have been other attempts to construct post-modern narratives on a larger scale than particular incidences on the level of individuals that seem to be the only possible subjects of post-essentialist feminism as advocated by writers above[17]. These women argue that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inadequacy of post-modernist theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ does not necessarily entail that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feminist legal theorists should give up theory, and resign ourselves to a strategy of pragmatic engagement with positive lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[18]. These accounts have generally drawn upon a less well-known body of theories springing from Kant called Aestheticism. This theory is ideally suited to overcoming the arguments of feminism; to classify something in reference to aesthetics is to make no judgement about its purpose or its designation. The example Barron uses is a rose: If one looks at a rose and says this is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"roseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ then that makes biological and genus assumptions however if one says this is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"beautifulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that is not to make any preformed opinion but just a statement of its aesthetics. The basis of a theory on what that is wholly determined by reference to the sentient determinants of behavior avoid an individualist interpretation and can more readily accept a pluralist approach to overcome the essentialism debate. The different positions of writers in this corpus of theories such as Drucilla Cornell and Catherine Butler are highly a bstract and complex drawing on the ideas of the image of the body within law and the use of aestheticism in constructing these images and how these images can be disruptive in social spheres. In many ways on a reading of these theories that attempt to avoid essentialism it is difficult to understand how it solves the problems of essentialism. For example, Barron argues that we can find a post-modern structure for law by realising that we are unable to access objective reality when we contemplate something such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ however this id merely to state our limitations as human beings, what we can do is speak of the female body as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"imagedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ i.e. representations of reality which acknowledge their lack of reality. Therefore when asking whether the use of the concept à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is right in certain situations we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t appeal to whether this is a potentially à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"realà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ description of women but rather whether the use of the word women accesses a particularistic identification with particular women that can be generalised into a shared experience. The theory outlined here is highly sophisticated and this work cannot do justice to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concepts but as cursory rebuttal it would appear that the movement away from concepts to aestheticism seems to me like swapping one potentially manipulative discourse with another. How is it possible to acknowledge a particularistic feeling that leads to a shared experience, which aesthetic experiences are purely particularistic rather than shared? And can it ever be measured? Unfortunately none of its proponents have ever propounded a normative theory of law premised upon these realisations and so it is hard for us to criticise the value of these theories to law. In concluding this essay I want to lay out clearly for the reader why it is that we ought to reject feminism and why the abov e debate highlights fundamental tensions that challenge the entire subject area. I will draw on various areas to show how we cannot possibly hope to keep a feminist approach that is in any way coherent. The classic argument that is used to overcome essentialist critiques is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"there is enough that is cohesive and common about the category of woman to bridge the differences for purposes of political solidarityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[19]. In my opinion it appears as though certain feminists hold onto this as a mantra so as to save feminism from the obvious conclusion; law reform based on meta-narratives will always be flawed. In many ways I agree with Catherine MacKinnon that some of the post-modern critiques miss the fact that feminism isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t actively denying that there are differences between women, in fact of all the liberal legal theory traditions feminism is perhaps the most pluralistic. However, this realisation doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t save it fro m being considered ineffective; take for example the argument of baseline biological or societal commonality i.e. being a woman is fundamentally distinct from being a man or all women are oppressed everywhere. If we accepted these claims prima facie and move back to the original project of feminism i.e. to make changes to social structures such as the law that enforce masculine norms of female subordination. Is it possible for feminism to avoid the problem that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a discourse which constructs its own object, `women, in the same way that discourses on sexuality construct theirsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢?[20] The commonality that writers assume shows the same blind-sidedness that legal positivism showed to its critics in the beginning. The infinite regression of feminist argument shows its futility in combating the concerns of post-modernism for example take the statement by MacKinnon that all women are subject to subordination in all societies, this just regresses the probl em to a societal level because whilst it maybe true that all women are subordinated they most certainly are not subordinated in similar manners. Therefore the use of rape laws subordinates white women and black women in different ways; Black women view rape laws as a way of suppressing black people generally by using a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"patriarchal idealisation of white womanhoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[21] to justify violence against black people and create a differential between rape of a white woman and of a black woman[22]. Therefore reforming the rape laws on the behalf of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ignores that whilst in both cases there is subordination the subordination is distinct. Feminism will always find itself being attacked from within and without following the realisations of anti-essentialism. In my opinion the most fundamental example of why is to look again at the example of transsexuals, post-modern theorists concerned with transsexualism argue that any rhet oric about groups whether this be gender groups or sexuality groups cannot possibly understand the particularistic existence of people who endlessly and continually recreate their personality, sexuality, identity, gender and mind. In my mind the problem essentialism creates for feminism is insurmountable simply because it is the recognition that binary concepts and fixed points of reference cannot provide analytical tools from which to judge law. The idea that you can recreate feminism in some sort of abstract metaphor or image is so removed from reality as to be almost useless as a contribution to normative legal theory, nor cannot it be revitalised by any of the other arguments presented within this article. The reason for this is that even if we can construct some abstract form or analytical version of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can be used discursively the inevitable sweep to normative propositions and a pressure for reform by a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ using those propositions ends up skewing the analytical tool that it was premised on into a form of meta-narrative which in feminism has merely lead to the situation where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"all woman are the same but some are more the same than othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Books Barnett, HilaireSourcebook on Feminist JurisprudenceCavendish / 1997 Weisberg, D.KellyFeminist Legal Theory FoundationsTemple Univ. Press / 1993 Articles Anderson, Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of ElizabethSciencehttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ Barron, AnneFeminism, Aestheticism and the Limits Of2000 FLS 275 Law Grigolo, MicheleSexualities And The ECHR: Introducing 2003 EJIL 1023 The Universal Sexual Legal Subject Gunby, IngridA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Postmodern Feministà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ identity Politics?www.massey.ac.nz MacKinnon, Points Against Postmodernism2000 C-KLR 687 Catherine Pinkus, JennyFeminist Poststructuralism1996 www.massey.ac.nz Sayer, AndrewEssentialism, Social Constructionism 1997 Socio. Rev 454 Beyond Stapleton, KarynIn Search of the Self: Feminism, 2000 FP 463 Postmodernism and Identity Online Sources www.worldlii.org www.lexisnexis.com www.swetswise.com 1 Footnotes [1] Littleton (1987) [2] Grosz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is Feminist Theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Barnett (1997) [3] Minow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Feminist Reason: Getting it losing Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Weisberg (1993) [4] Harris (199)) [5] West, Robin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Jurisprudence Genderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Barnett (1997) [6] She is the subject of attack in Cain and Harrisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ anti-essentialist works both detailed in Weisberg (1993) [7] Harris attacks this angle [8] Cain attacks this angle [9] Spelman argued that the essentialist feminist reduced essentialist critiques to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"such differences simply are less significant than what women have in commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quoted in Cain Ibid. [10] MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Difference Dominance: On Sex Discrimination in Barnett (1997) [11] This is Cainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solution. See Cain OP Cit6à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦p.364 365 [12] Crenshaw (1989) [13] I find this particularly unpersuasi ve for the same reason I reject Grigolo (2003)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Universal Sexual Subjectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ given that the rights that such a subject are still essential in the sense that they make fundamental assumptions about what such a universal subject would want and inevitably make a false claim of equality which mirrors the complaints of feminists against patriarchal law. [14] This is the argument of Patricia Cain Supra N6 [15] Cited in Pinkus, J (1996) [16] MacKinnon (2000) [17] Barron (2000) p.278 [18] Ibid. [19] Bender (1990) in Barnett (1997) p.204 [20] Gunby (Online Article) [21] Harris Supra N4 [22] For example studies show that in rape sentencing in 1968 that in all cases in Maryland where the death penalty was applied was for rape of a white women whereas between 1960 and 1967 47% of all black men convicted of sexual assault on a black woman were released on probation (Harris Ibid, at p.350 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 351)