Feminist legal theory - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3241 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Society Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Gender Equality Essay Gender Essay Did you like this example? The essentialism critique has posed a serious challenge to Feminist Legal Theory. Can the challenge be overcome? The importance of feminism to legal theory as a whole is, and always should be, the highlighting of hidden social and legal norms that society and legal scholars ignore behind a faÃÆ' §ade of neutrality. The problem for feminism as a foundationalist attack on the assumptions of law, rather than law in itself, is its status as a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"social movement that radically challenges existing hierarchiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[1]. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Feminist legal theory" essay for you Create order The main problem of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ such as feminism is that they are generally their own worst enemies in that seeking to replace existent norms they put in place ones that have just as many hidden dialectics as the previous norms. In many ways feminist legal theory has never quite been sure of itself, there is an underlying dissatisfaction with the treatment of women in society generally but no clear way forward. Grosz[2] pointed out that feminist legal scholars who had initially fought for equality quickly discovered that equality merely meant equality at male standards and had to swap equality-discourse for autonomous-discourse, namely an adherence to liberal principles of self-determination for women and men to create their own experiences. In the initial stages of this realisation the feminist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ seemed to falter at the enormity of the iceberg of which they had discovered the tip. The current critiques of femini sm fundamentally question the aim and possibility of any concept of feminism just as they discovered with equality, the question this work fundamentally attempts to answer is whether there is any potential for redemption of feminist theory. The problem is that a theory can only reach a certain abstraction before it becomes of any use, Minow has argued the anti-essentialist critique of feminism points out the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"un-stated reference points that hide from view a preferred position and shield it from challenge by other plausible alternativesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3] have been uncovered within feminism. This means that the enormity of the task that was facing feminists when challenging merely the male reference points within law has increased exponentially in constructing a sensible view of feminism, however a subject such as this was always going to be ripe for a post-modern critique. It is as well to understand the fundamental arguments at stake and begin to fully articulate what we mean by the critique of essentialism and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s meaning for feminist accounts of law. The idea of essentialism can be fundamentally described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the notion that there is a monolithic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can be described independent of other facets of experience like race, class and sexual orientationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[4]. The use of meta-narratives is a common tool within all western legal theory and is supposed to have come from much of enlightenment thought, the fundamental idea of the enlightenment was that humans could describe and comprehend their own existence without reference to a God. This desire in rational scholars to reduce theories to meta-narratives has been exposed in recent years by scholars that wish to show how these meta-narratives have inherent assumptions that underpin them. There are many feminist writers who espouse feminist meta-narratives, Robin Westà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â €ž ¢s account is probably the most forthright of these, in her account it isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t so much a hidden assumption but a declaration of faith: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The claim that we are individuals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"firstà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and the claim that what separates us is epistemologically and morally prior to what connects us à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" while trivially true of men, are patently untrue of womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[5] West argued that the potentiality for motherhood was a defining characteristic of all women and that it connected them and gave them a fundamentally unique link; she also argued that other experiences such as menstruation, heterosexual penetration and breastfeeding all gave women a connected nature. Many other writers didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make forthright assumptions such as this but rather took a different essentialist stance the archetypal villain here is Catherine MacKinnon[6] who implicitly argues that the distinctions between women are of a le sser importance than the distinction between men and women. She is accused of having a colour-blind approach that privileges her opinions of what it is to be a woman over say a black woman[7] or a lesbian[8], even when such writers acknowledge the distinctions between women they socially construct those differences so as to make no difference[9]. In MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s case this was seen as a failure to acknowledge the non-subordination to men that lesbian writers claim to experience through their sexuality, this was rejected by MacKinnon as she still saw sexuality as constructed by male dominance however this means that were we to accept fully MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"millennialà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ moment where a groupsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ qualities become à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"part of the standard by which humanity is measuredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[10] that standard would represent a white heterosexual womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experience and still leave black or lesbi an womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s experiences unprivileged. The above debate is at the heart of the problem for a corpus of writers that we could varyingly call traditional feminists, stage two feminists or essential feminists. It is the critique, by feminist writers, of feminist ideals that has proved so divisive for the theory. The central issue for reflective writers on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dominant discourseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and its inherent ignorance of internal distinctions has been to consider the position of feminism in the aftermath of these realisations. There is no rebuttal of an anti-essentialist stance; perhaps because feminist writers were quick to appreciate their own methods being used internally against the feminist movement, any arguments that rebutted the anti-essentialist stance would also rebut the main propositions of these feminist writers. This quandary for feminist writers is reflected in a wider difficulty for current accounts of law that are primarily based on meta-narratives of neutrality and are challenged by postmodernist accounts. The problem with this for feminism is that the identification of women as a non-unitary group nor even a group in which one can describe a baseline existential commonality is that it pulls down every effort of feminism because equality for women becomes equality for white heterosexual women, the challenging of male paradigms in law with reference to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"femaleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ paradigms and discourse on the lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s subordination of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ are all undermined. This has lead to feminists using postmodernism as a vehicle in attempting to overcome the essentialism problem and revitalising feminism as a vehicle for social and legal change. However as this writer will show this attempt has been ultimately unsuccessful and could perhaps lead to a rejection of feminism. The approach has been different from many writers and this is precisely what has cause d confusion for any sensible restructuring of the debate. The anti-essentialist feminists do not argue the same point, some argue that all that is required is a widening of the appreciation of the intra-women differences not just an acknowledging of them but a deeper understanding of the lesbian and black existential experiences. On reading much of the writing surrounding same-sex provisions in law there is a continual theme that assimilating lesbians and gays into marriage isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t sufficient, marriage is a concept that implies monogamy and stability for children both fundamental attitudes that many homosexuals do not agree with given their existential experiences. In similarity, many post-modern feminists merely ask for a deeper understanding of the concept of women, namely that what being a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is for a white heterosexual woman isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t so for black, homosexual women[11]. Some feminists such as Crenshaw have taken a novel approach and suggested that rather than talking about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in some form of meta-narrative that the only way to escape the essentialist mindset is to develop a theory talks to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"intersectional experiences of those whom the movement claim as their respective constituentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[12], she argues what essentialism has done is to compartmentalise the struggles of constituents of various disadvantaged group, she seems to be arguing that any discourse about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ought to take a bottom-up approach that aims to make things not just better for women but better for black, lesbian women or some other similarly constructed individual that represents the praxis of intersectional discrimination experiences[13]. However, in my opinion this defence to the essentialism critique is unconvincing when we look at the fundamental claim that many anti-essentialists are making is that discourse about wo men generally makes patriarchal assumptions such as the naturalness of heterosexuality[14], the ability to deal with this by simply putting those who are seen as most disadvantaged at the centre of reform efforts and thereby treating the needs of only singularly disadvantaged individuals is unconvincing. In my opinion the widening of such a concept obliterates any meaning that concepts of disadvantaged people can have; is it possible to say that discrimination, in itself is unitary, by this I mean that an assumption that says we can challenge meta-narratives by widening the meta-narrative fail to realise that the same critique will apply to widened meta-narratives. The realisation, for example, that the discrimination transsexuals feel is based on a binary view of gender challenges the entire notion of gender as we understand that concept. Such challenges cannot be lumped together because of their disparate nature; how do we de-privilege a binary view of sex without necessarily blur ring the very real discrimination women suffer in our society? These exact concerns have motivated many feminists to try and reject post-modern feminist stances: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Equivalence of all biases and particularities and reduces the feminist ethic to just one of many equally valid viewpoints [and] if taken to its ultimate conclusion must condone an anarchist and wholly de-regulated economic and social policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[15] However the post-modern feminists do have other strings to their bows, Bell Hooks has argued for a particularly novel solution to the problem in that she advocates that that we reconfigure feminism as a movement that one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"advocatesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rather than what one à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The distinction allows people of disparate identities and who donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t fully subscribe to hard-line feminism to still use it as a movement through which we can challenge sexual discrimination and oppression. In many ways this seems like Catherine MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s retort to her post-modern critics[16] who argue that feminism is not essentialism in the sense that it is not making any pre-destined assumptions about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ just that there are commonalities between women that exist in the way that they are treated in that all women are subordinated in certain ways and therefore we must argue for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ on that basis. There have been other attempts to construct post-modern narratives on a larger scale than particular incidences on the level of individuals that seem to be the only possible subjects of post-essentialist feminism as advocated by writers above[17]. These women argue that the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"inadequacy of post-modernist theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ does not necessarily entail that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"feminist legal theorists should give up theory, and resign ourselves to a strategy of pragmatic engagement with positive lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[18]. These accounts have generally drawn upon a less well-known body of theories springing from Kant called Aestheticism. This theory is ideally suited to overcoming the arguments of feminism; to classify something in reference to aesthetics is to make no judgement about its purpose or its designation. The example Barron uses is a rose: If one looks at a rose and says this is a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"roseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ then that makes biological and genus assumptions however if one says this is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"beautifulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that is not to make any preformed opinion but just a statement of its aesthetics. The basis of a theory on what that is wholly determined by reference to the sentient determinants of behavior avoid an individualist interpretation and can more readily accept a pluralist approach to overcome the essentialism debate. The different positions of writers in this corpus of theories such as Drucilla Cornell and Catherine Butler are highly a bstract and complex drawing on the ideas of the image of the body within law and the use of aestheticism in constructing these images and how these images can be disruptive in social spheres. In many ways on a reading of these theories that attempt to avoid essentialism it is difficult to understand how it solves the problems of essentialism. For example, Barron argues that we can find a post-modern structure for law by realising that we are unable to access objective reality when we contemplate something such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ however this id merely to state our limitations as human beings, what we can do is speak of the female body as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"imagedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ i.e. representations of reality which acknowledge their lack of reality. Therefore when asking whether the use of the concept à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is right in certain situations we donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t appeal to whether this is a potentially à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"realà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ description of women but rather whether the use of the word women accesses a particularistic identification with particular women that can be generalised into a shared experience. The theory outlined here is highly sophisticated and this work cannot do justice to ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concepts but as cursory rebuttal it would appear that the movement away from concepts to aestheticism seems to me like swapping one potentially manipulative discourse with another. How is it possible to acknowledge a particularistic feeling that leads to a shared experience, which aesthetic experiences are purely particularistic rather than shared? And can it ever be measured? Unfortunately none of its proponents have ever propounded a normative theory of law premised upon these realisations and so it is hard for us to criticise the value of these theories to law. In concluding this essay I want to lay out clearly for the reader why it is that we ought to reject feminism and why the abov e debate highlights fundamental tensions that challenge the entire subject area. I will draw on various areas to show how we cannot possibly hope to keep a feminist approach that is in any way coherent. The classic argument that is used to overcome essentialist critiques is that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"there is enough that is cohesive and common about the category of woman to bridge the differences for purposes of political solidarityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[19]. In my opinion it appears as though certain feminists hold onto this as a mantra so as to save feminism from the obvious conclusion; law reform based on meta-narratives will always be flawed. In many ways I agree with Catherine MacKinnon that some of the post-modern critiques miss the fact that feminism isnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t actively denying that there are differences between women, in fact of all the liberal legal theory traditions feminism is perhaps the most pluralistic. However, this realisation doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t save it fro m being considered ineffective; take for example the argument of baseline biological or societal commonality i.e. being a woman is fundamentally distinct from being a man or all women are oppressed everywhere. If we accepted these claims prima facie and move back to the original project of feminism i.e. to make changes to social structures such as the law that enforce masculine norms of female subordination. Is it possible for feminism to avoid the problem that it is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a discourse which constructs its own object, `women, in the same way that discourses on sexuality construct theirsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢?[20] The commonality that writers assume shows the same blind-sidedness that legal positivism showed to its critics in the beginning. The infinite regression of feminist argument shows its futility in combating the concerns of post-modernism for example take the statement by MacKinnon that all women are subject to subordination in all societies, this just regresses the probl em to a societal level because whilst it maybe true that all women are subordinated they most certainly are not subordinated in similar manners. Therefore the use of rape laws subordinates white women and black women in different ways; Black women view rape laws as a way of suppressing black people generally by using a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"patriarchal idealisation of white womanhoodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[21] to justify violence against black people and create a differential between rape of a white woman and of a black woman[22]. Therefore reforming the rape laws on the behalf of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ignores that whilst in both cases there is subordination the subordination is distinct. Feminism will always find itself being attacked from within and without following the realisations of anti-essentialism. In my opinion the most fundamental example of why is to look again at the example of transsexuals, post-modern theorists concerned with transsexualism argue that any rhet oric about groups whether this be gender groups or sexuality groups cannot possibly understand the particularistic existence of people who endlessly and continually recreate their personality, sexuality, identity, gender and mind. In my mind the problem essentialism creates for feminism is insurmountable simply because it is the recognition that binary concepts and fixed points of reference cannot provide analytical tools from which to judge law. The idea that you can recreate feminism in some sort of abstract metaphor or image is so removed from reality as to be almost useless as a contribution to normative legal theory, nor cannot it be revitalised by any of the other arguments presented within this article. The reason for this is that even if we can construct some abstract form or analytical version of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can be used discursively the inevitable sweep to normative propositions and a pressure for reform by a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"movementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ using those propositions ends up skewing the analytical tool that it was premised on into a form of meta-narrative which in feminism has merely lead to the situation where à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"all woman are the same but some are more the same than othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Books Barnett, HilaireSourcebook on Feminist JurisprudenceCavendish / 1997 Weisberg, D.KellyFeminist Legal Theory FoundationsTemple Univ. Press / 1993 Articles Anderson, Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of ElizabethSciencehttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ Barron, AnneFeminism, Aestheticism and the Limits Of2000 FLS 275 Law Grigolo, MicheleSexualities And The ECHR: Introducing 2003 EJIL 1023 The Universal Sexual Legal Subject Gunby, IngridA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Postmodern Feministà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ identity Politics?www.massey.ac.nz MacKinnon, Points Against Postmodernism2000 C-KLR 687 Catherine Pinkus, JennyFeminist Poststructuralism1996 www.massey.ac.nz Sayer, AndrewEssentialism, Social Constructionism 1997 Socio. Rev 454 Beyond Stapleton, KarynIn Search of the Self: Feminism, 2000 FP 463 Postmodernism and Identity Online Sources www.worldlii.org www.lexisnexis.com www.swetswise.com 1 Footnotes [1] Littleton (1987) [2] Grosz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is Feminist Theoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Barnett (1997) [3] Minow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Feminist Reason: Getting it losing Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Weisberg (1993) [4] Harris (199)) [5] West, Robin à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Jurisprudence Genderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Barnett (1997) [6] She is the subject of attack in Cain and Harrisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ anti-essentialist works both detailed in Weisberg (1993) [7] Harris attacks this angle [8] Cain attacks this angle [9] Spelman argued that the essentialist feminist reduced essentialist critiques to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"such differences simply are less significant than what women have in commonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ quoted in Cain Ibid. [10] MacKinnonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Difference Dominance: On Sex Discrimination in Barnett (1997) [11] This is Cainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s solution. See Cain OP Cit6à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦p.364 365 [12] Crenshaw (1989) [13] I find this particularly unpersuasi ve for the same reason I reject Grigolo (2003)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Universal Sexual Subjectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ given that the rights that such a subject are still essential in the sense that they make fundamental assumptions about what such a universal subject would want and inevitably make a false claim of equality which mirrors the complaints of feminists against patriarchal law. [14] This is the argument of Patricia Cain Supra N6 [15] Cited in Pinkus, J (1996) [16] MacKinnon (2000) [17] Barron (2000) p.278 [18] Ibid. [19] Bender (1990) in Barnett (1997) p.204 [20] Gunby (Online Article) [21] Harris Supra N4 [22] For example studies show that in rape sentencing in 1968 that in all cases in Maryland where the death penalty was applied was for rape of a white women whereas between 1960 and 1967 47% of all black men convicted of sexual assault on a black woman were released on probation (Harris Ibid, at p.350 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 351)

A Comparison of The death of a hired man and Out, Out- by...

A Comparison of The death of a hired man and Out, Out- by Robert Frost Robert frost was born in Vermont in 1874 and died in 1963. Robert Frost was a farmer and lived in Vermont, USA. Both poems The death of a hired man and Out, Out- are set on a farm in Vermont which is probably because of where Robert Frost lived and worked. I will know begin to discuss the similarities. As I said previously both poems are set in a farm enviroment. The poem The death of a hired man is probably set in winter so there would not be a lot of work to be done therefore Warren; the owner of the farm would not need to hire any workers because he would be able to do the work himself. The poem ?Out, Out is set in summer therefore there would†¦show more content†¦Also, in both poems, I think that there is a realisation of the inevitable. In ?The death of a hired man? it?s when Silas goes to the one place that he can call home; Warren and Mary?s farm, but even in his death Silas is still a very proud man. ?He wouldn?t let me put him on the lounge.? This means that Silas would rather sit on the floor than on a couch, as this is just how he is. The realisation in ?Out, Out-? is when the boy realised that he was losing too much blood and soon would die. ?Then the boy saw all-?. I will now begin to discuss the differences between the two poems. My first difference is that Silas is a very old man and has lived a full life and his death is very peaceful and expected but in ?Out, Out-? the young boys death is very violent and unexpected. One moment the boys working and all is OK, the next he?s without a hand and losing blood rapidly. I think that in the first poem the poet is trying to tell us that death will come to us all, eventually but in ?Out, Out-? I think that the poet is trying to tell us to live life to the fullest we can because you never know what?s around the corner. My next difference is that the two poems have a totally different style, the first poem is presented as a conversation; the poem alters between Warren and Mary speaking to each other whilst in ?Out, Out-? the style is more of a more conventional poem, the poet uses manyShow MoreRelatedLiterary Terms3784 Words   |  16 PagesRichards Almanack is a book of aphorisms. We see them also in the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau. Example: Let us die trying.--from Two Old Women. Exampe: Comedy is a tragedy plus time. Carol Burnett Example: Whoso would be a man must be a non-conformist. Emerson Ralph W. 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Also I have substituted a revised scenario process for the original to incorporate improvementsRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesand methods An illustration of segmental analysis An alternative approach to segmental analysis Customer profitability analysis Marketing experimentation The nature of productivity The use of ratios Analysing ratios and trends Ratios and interfirm comparison vi CONTENTS 3.13 3.14 A strategic approach Summary 112 116 117 119 119 120 128 136 139 149 153 159 165 167 169 169 170 174 182 188 192 202 214 215 221 223 223 230 236 241 246 248 250 251 255 261 4 Market and environmental analysis

Baroque Composers free essay sample

This means you complete all work In a word processing document (e. G. , Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the dropped tool. Use the unit 5: Text Questions dropped basket. The answers to the Review Critical Thinking questions are worth 10 points. Unit Five: Text Questions Review Questions 1 . What are figured bass and basso continuo? How are they related? 2. What is ornamentation? 3. What is an oratorio? How does it differ from an opera? 4. What is an orchestra? How did the development of orchestras influence Baroque music? 5. What is an Instrumental suite? Critical Talking Questions .What are the characteristics of Baroque music? How would you describe Baroque 2. Choose one of the composers discussed in the unit and listen to several of the composers works. Which works did you listen to? How would you describe this composers music? Why do you think this composer was an influential fugue in arouse music? 3. How did composers and musicians think about themselves during the Baroque period? How did this influence the music that they created? 4. We will write a custom essay sample on Baroque Composers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What advantages and disadvantages did Baroque composers have in the patronage system? What did they gain from this practice?What limitations did it place on them? 5. Baroque music often tried to capture and reflect a particular emotion or feeling. Choose one of the musical works in the unit. Identify the work that you chose. What feeling or emotion is the composer trying to capture or reflect in the work? What aspects of the music lead you to this emotion or feeling? Discussion Questions Please post questions and answers on the UNIT FIVE discussion boards. Unless otherwise instructed, you should submit at least one full paragraph for each question. Each discussion assignment is worth 5 points.

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy the Truman Doctrine free essay sample

They viewed communism as a secular, millennial religion that informed the Gremlins worldview and actions and made it the chief threat to American security, liberty, and world peace. They rejected the moral equivalence of democratic and Communist governments and concluded that until the regime in Moscow changed only American and Allied strength could curb the Soviets. In early 1947 the British government, which was socialist but anti-Communist, secretly told Washington its treasury was empty and it could no longer give military and economic aid to Greece or Turkey, requested the U S. Sake over. Achaeans convinced Truman to act quickly lest Greece be taken over by its communist artisans who were at the time strongly supported by the Soviet government working through the communist Bulgarian and Yugoslav governments. If Greece fell, Turkey would be helpless and soon the eastern Mediterranean would fall under Stalins control. Following Cohesions advice, Truman in 1947 announced the Truman Doctrine of containing Communist expansion by furnishing military and economic American aid to Europe and Asia, and particularly to Greece and Turkey. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy the Truman Doctrine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Republican Congress, after extensive hearings, approved this historic change in U. S. Foreign policy in a bill signed May 22, 1947. To whip up American support for the policy of containment, Truman overstated the Soviet threat to the United States. In turn, his statements inspired a wave of hysterical anti-communism throughout the country and set the stage for the emergence of McCarthy. Containment also called for extensive economic aid to assist the recovery of war-torn Western Europe. With many of the regions nations economically and politically unstable, the United States feared that local communist parties, erected by Moscow, would capitalize on their wartime record of resistance to the Nazis and come to power. Something needed to be done, Secretary of State George Marshall noted, for the patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate. Marshall was formerly the highest ranking officer in the U. S. Armed forces and credited as the chief organizer of the American military victory in World War II.In mid-1947 Marshall asked troubled European nations to draw up a program directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. The Soviets participated in the first planning meeting, then departed rather than share economic data on their resources and problems, and submit to Western controls on the expenditure of the aid. The remaining 16 nations hammered out a request that finally came to $17 thousand million for a four-year period. In early 1948 Congress voted to assist European economic recovery, dubbed the Marshall Plan, and generally regarded as one of the most successful U.S. Foreign policy initiatives in history. He followed up with the Marshall Plan, which was enacted into law as the European Recovery Program (ERR) and led ultimately to NATO, the North Atlantic Alliance for military defense, signed in 1949. Soviet domination of Eastern Europe alarmed the West. The United States led the effort to create a military alliance to complement economic efforts at containment. In 1949 the United States and 11 other countries established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance based on the principle of collective security.An attack against one was to be considered an attack against all, to be met by appropriate force. The next year, the United States defined its defense aims clearly. The National Security Council (NCSC) undertook a full-fledged review of American foreign and defense policy. The resulting document, known as NCSC-68, signaled a new direction in American security policy. Based on the assumption that the Soviet Union was engaged in a fanatical effort to seize control of all governments wherever possible, the document committed America to assist allied nations anywhere in the world which seemed threatened by Soviet aggression.The United States proceeded o increase defense spending dramatically in response to Soviet threats against Europe and the American, British and French presence in West Berlin. United States support for the partition of Palestine was crucial to the adoption Of the UN partition plan and to the creation Of the State Of Israel. During World War II, the USA was anxious to maintain good relations with Saudi Arabia. President Roosevelt had promised King Saudi that the USA would make no policy decisions about Palestine without consulting the Arabs, though Roosevelt tried to enlist Saudi support for allowing Jewish immigration to Palestine.Following Roosevelt verbal promise to Saudi to consult the Arabs about Palestine policy, he reiterated the promise in writing on April 5, 1945. However, a week later, Roosevelt was dead, replaced by Vice President Harry S. Truman, and the end of the war created a different political reality as well as bringing the revelation of massive murder of Jews in the Holocaust. Traumas support for a Jewish state had evolved over time, shaped by a number of factors. Though LOL Henderson and others in the StateDepartment had insisted that a Jewish state would compromise the position Of the US in the Middle East, the opposite position was equally tenable. The notion that Henderson and Marshall advocated, that the Zionists were communists and would therefore side with the USSR was founded on personal prejudice rather than fact, and backfired when the possibility was raised that the USSR would intervene on behalf of Israel, absent IIS support The idea that Truman had initially entertained, and that the State Department encouraged, that a Jewish state could only be defended by hundreds of husbands of US troops, proved to be groundless.It is probably this realization more than any that turned the tide, and overcame the single greatest objection. On May 14, 1 948, Truman announced recognition of the new state of Israel, making the United States the first major power to do so. We can see that Truman decisions of containment were successful in stopping and preventing the USSR to take over or influence Turkey, Greece, and Israel. This alone is a great victory for democracy. These three countries also were able to joined NATO.

Climate change Floods in Queensland Australia

Over the recent past, the issue of climatic change has raised major concern about the well being of the recent as well as the future generation. One of the main issues that have significantly contributed in climatic change is the destruction of the environment. This has impacted negatively on economic activities like mining which plays a significant role in the Australian economy.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Climate change: Floods in Queensland Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The climatic change has been characterized by unpredictable weather conditions. These can be extreme temperatures or extreme rainfall. As a result of these changes, it has become very difficult to make appropriate plans. This has led to huge losses economically. Climatic change has led to increased cases of floods which is a very common problem over the recent. The cases of floods have significantly increased a thing that has caused huge destruction of mines (Cooper, Grey, Raymond and Walker 2004). This has particularly affected the mines since most of them become inoperable when covered by water. A good example of adverse impact of the climatic change is the flood that occurred in Australia in 2010 and early in the year 2011. This has significantly affected the coal mining in the country as well as other economic activities (International Standard ISO/FDIS 31000 2009). The flood cost the economy a large fraction, which was lost to the disaster. Although several measures were taken to mitigate the problem, the flood had an adverse impact on the economy. As already noted, this flood that occurred on December 2010 and January 2011 was one of the most devastating cases in Australia. The impact of this disaster can be measured through its impacts on the level of production (Kaplan and Norton 2000). The disaster affected several sectors in the economy. Some of the most affected sectors are the mining and the agricultural sectors. One of the main measure through which this risk can be measured is through its impacts on the mining sector. The mining sector was significantly affected by the floods during this period. For instance, approximately 20% of the mines around the Bowen Basin were not operable at the time due to the floods (NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change 2007).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, most of the mines were covered by water and therefore making it difficult to continue with any operation. Transportation of the coal from the mines was also difficult because the roads were in worse conditions. Therefore, the workers were forced to abandon the mine momentarily. Similarly, about 60% of the primary Queensland’s region was also inoperable (Department of Finance 1991). Most of the companies ceased the transportatio n of coal as the weather conditions deteriorated. The rail lines were also destroyed the fact that led to deterioration of the transportation of coal to the ports (Rowe, Mason, Dickel., and Snyder 1989). According to Grey (1995), about 40 million tones were lost during this period. According to information published by AlertNet (2011), the recent floods in Australia affected about 35 percent of the total estmate of 259 millions tonnes production in Australia. This has cost the coal industry a significant amount of money. This has threatened the level of its performance. The floods led to a closure of about 40 mines in the region. This problem led to a significant drop in the levels of coal production. In the year 2009, the total production of thermal coal fell by about ten metric tonnes from 200.5 to 190.7 (Australian Government: Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism 2011). This broke the upward trend in thermal coal production which had been recorded over the previous years ( Australian Government: Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism 2011). However, production of Metallurgical coal increased by approximately one metric tonne in the same year. This also had a significant impact on the level of total export values. For instance the export value for thermal coal fell from 34, 464 million dollars in 2008 to 18, 628 in 2009 (Australian Government: Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism 2011). This implies that the export value fell by almost a half. Flood can have an adverse impact to the country if not managed appropriately. Therefore, it is necessary to have the necessary mitigation measures. Through application of the various ways, we can eliminate the problems associated with floods. In order to have an effective risk management process, it is necessary to have a close coordination between the community, the government, and the other concerned parties in order to mitigate the risks effectively (The National Flood Risk Advisory Group 2008).Adv ertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Climate change: Floods in Queensland Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The government has the responsibility of implementing the appropriate policies in order to avoid any risk. The community also has the responsibility of ensuring that they know the areas that are more prone to the risks (The Royal Society of London, 1992 and Anonymous 2011). In order to have an effective risk management process, it is necessary to have a critical control of every activity in order to avoid risks (Queensland Government 2002). This will ensure that the risks are minimized in case it takes place. In risk management, it will also be advisable to know the likelihood that the floods will take place (Sai Global). This will help to make the necessary arrangements so that everything is intact before the floods strikes. According to Vose (2000), the risk management requires a good understa nding of the threats and opportunities that are present. For instance, through the strengths and threats analysis, an organisation will be able to identify any variations from what is planned to be done from what is already there (ABARES Special Report 2011). . Through the risk management process, it is therefore possible to overcome future risks or combat its impacts (Botting 2004). As already noted, floods has a devastating effects when it struck a region. It is therefore important for the responsible parties to ensure that appropriate measures are adopted in order to overcome these risks (SCARM 2000). One of the major players in the risk management is the government. The government plays a significant role in various roles in risk managements (Queensland Government, Flood risk and storm water management 2011). In order for any risk management to be successful, it is advisable for the government to participate at all the levels (Jones 2011). For instance, the government has the re sponsibility of ensuring that they are punctual in giving alerts about floods accurate warning to the community (Tweeddale 2003).Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, it is necessary to have an effective coordination between various parties in order to have successful risk management process (Queensland Government, Understanding floods: questions and answers 2011). Without coordination, the results of the management process may be poor. The insurance organisations also have a significant role in risk management. Insurance organisations have the responsibility of mitigating any risks posed on the coal companies which they cover (Arnold 2008). The insurance organisations are supposed to secure the coal mining companies against all the losses they may undergo thorough such a flood. Therefore, an organisation will be able to recover fast from the disaster and therefore revive back to the desired level of production. This will also solve the problem of power shortages. Coal companies also have an important role to play in the risk management. For instance, the company like Xstrata should be able to timely know when such floods are likely to o ccur. This will give them enough time to prepare for such risks to suppress their impacts in its production capacity. The company also has the responsibility to follow all the guidelines given by various agencies in order to facilitate the success of risk management process. The community also has the responsibility of ensuring that they follow all the directions given by various agencies (Lindstrom 2011). They must also actively participate in making the appropriate decisions concerning the risk mitigation proceeds. Nonetheless, it is necessary to have an effective coordination between different parties in order to have a successful risk management process Reference List ABARES Special Report. 2011. The Impact of Recent Flood Events on Commodities. ISBN 978-1-921448-85-0. AlertNet. 2011. AlertNet Climate. Web. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, 2011. The Impact of Recent Flood Events on Commodities, ABARES Special Report Australian Government: De partment of Resources, Energy and Tourism. 2011. Australia’s Coal Industry.  Web. Anonymous, 2011. Economic Impact of Queensland’s Natural Disasters. PricewaterhouseCoopers. Anonymous, 2011. Risk Management: Queensland Floods A Risk Headache For Mines. Web. Arnold, M. 2008. The Role of Risk Transfer and Insurance in Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adoption. Web. Botting, A. 2004. Risk Management Guidelines. Companion to AS/NZS 4360:2004. Chapman, C. and Ward, S., 1997. Project Risk Management: Processes, Techniques and Insights. Chichester, John Wiley Sons. Cooper, D., Grey, S., Raymond G. and Walker P., 2004, Project Risk Management Guidelines: Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements. Chichester, John Wiley Sons. Department of Finance, 1991. Handbook of Cost Benefit Analysis. Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service. Grey, S, 1995. Practical Risk Assessment for Project Management. Chichester, John Wiley Sons. International S tandard ISO/FDIS 31000, 2009. Risk management — Principles and guidelines, ISO/FDIS 31000 Jones, D. 2011. Queensland Floods: Bureau Of Meteorology Blames Climate Change. Web. Kaplan and Norton, 2000. Having trouble with strategy? Then map it, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 78, No. 5, September-October 2000. Lindstrom, P. 2011. Economic Impact of Queensland’s Natural Disasters. Web. NSW Department of Environment and Climate Change. 2007. Floodplain Risk Management Guideline on Residential Flood Damages. Queensland Government. 2002. Guidance on the Assessment of Tangible Flood Damages. QNRM02081 15929 Queensland Government. 2011. Flood Risk and Storm Water Management. Web. Queensland Government. 2011. Understanding Floods: Questions and Answers. Web. Rowe, A., Mason, R., Dickel, K., and Snyder, N., 1989. Strategic Management: A Methodological Approach, Third Edition, Reading, MA Addison-Wesley. Sai Global, 2004. Risk Management Guidelines. Companion to AS/NZS 4360:2004 SC ARM, 2000. Floodplain Management in Australia: Best Practice Principles and Guidelines. Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management (SCARM). Report No 73. CSIRO Publishing, 2000 The National Flood Risk Advisory Group. 2008. Flood Risk Management in Australia. The Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Vol. 23 No. 4, November 2008. The Royal Society of London, 1992. Risk: Analysis, Perception and Management. London, The Royal Society Tweeddale, H. 2003. Managing Risk and Reliability of Process Plants. Amsterdam, Gulf Professional Publishing Vose, D, 2000. Risk Analysis: A Quantitative Guide. Chichester, John Wiley Sons This research paper on Climate change: Floods in Queensland Australia was written and submitted by user Tristin Mcintyre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay Essays

Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay Essays Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay Essay Living Through the Pain of Ankylosing Spondylitis Essay Essay As I sit following to my sister. Natalie. she seems saddened as she tells the narrative that started her hard journey of covering with a womb-to-tomb disease. As she describes it. â€Å"At the immature age of 13. when my girlfriends were believing about an approaching 1950s-genre sock hop. I found myself in a Milwaukee back brace to handle a curvature of my spinal column called scoliosis. The brace keeps the spinal column virtually immobile. It held my caput in alliance with metal bars. clear down to a plastic cast over my hips. I wore the brace for two old ages and the childs in my school would inquire if I had been in a auto wreck. I subsequently started high school in new Nike tennis places and the awkward metal brace. When I was a sophomore. I developed a terrible intestine redness episode which the physician idea was bacterial dysentery. It was atrocious. and small did I know that this was the start of a series of jobs that are all portion of a chronic disease. About two hebdomads subsequently. I developed painful puffiness in my right articulatio genus. It was terrible plenty to necessitate remotion of an remarkably big sum of synovial fluid. A few yearss after the right articulatio genus seemed to mend. the left articulatio genus swelled up. The same form continued for the following several old ages and the physicians said it was merely arthritis. I so developed an oculus infection called iritis in my right oculus. It was so terrible that it needed daily cortisone injections for 10 yearss. oculus beads and resting in complete darkness. For the following four old ages. I experienced terrible hip ( sacroiliac ( SI ) ) hurting that made walking hard. A pelvic X ray was taken. which showed merger in one of the SI articulations. I was tested and found positive for the HLAB27 cistron. The rheumatologist changed the diagnosing from arthritis to a unequivocal Ankylosing Spondylitis which is a debilitating. painful disease. without a remedy. that would go on to decline throughout my life and would most likely terminal with me crippled and in a wheelchair† ( Rasmussen. 2010 ) Ankylosing Spondylitis ( AS ) is a ruthless. familial disease that makes life really painful and hard for those affected by it. AS affects every bit many as 2. 4 million people in the US today. which is more than multiple induration. cystic fibrosis and Lou Gehrig’s disease combined. Scientists are presently trying to happen out what this disease is. how it is contracted. and what can be done to assist those who have AS pull off their hurting. avoid farther bodily harm and hopefully happen a remedy. Pathophysiology: Ankylosing Spondylitis Ankylosing Spondylitis ( AS ) is a chronic inflammatory arthritis and an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is when the body’s natural immune system. that is supposed to contend against sources or foreign cells that enter your organic structure. misidentify its ain healthy cells as being encroachers and assail them. This can impact any portion of the organic structure or many parts of the organic structure at the same clip. In the instance of Ankylosing Spondylitis. the immune system attacks its ain cells doing arthritis of the spinal column. sacroiliac ( hip ) articulations and can do redness of the eyes. lungs. and bosom valves. It varies from intermittent episodes of back hurting that occur throughout life to a terrible chronic disease that attacks the spinal column. peripheral articulations and other organic structure variety meats. ensuing in terrible articulation and back stiffness. loss of gesture and malformation as life advancements. Signs and symptoms The get downing physical marks of AS normally start to look in late adolescence or early maturity ( ages 17-35 ) . but the symptoms can happen in younger kids or much later in life every bit good. The first symptoms of AS can include frequent hurting and stiffness in the lower dorsum and natess. and symptoms semen on bit by bit over the class of a few hebdomads or months. At first. uncomfortableness may merely be felt on one side. or alternate sides. The hurting is normally dull and diffuse. instead than localized. This hurting and stiffness is normally worse in the forenoons and during the dark. but may be improved by a warm shower or light exercising. Besides. in the early phases of AS. there may be mild febrility. loss of appetency and general uncomfortableness. Many people with AS besides experience bowel redness and iritis or uveitis ( redness of the eyes ) . About one tierce of people with AS will see redness of the oculus at least one time. Signs of iritis or uevitis are: Eye ( s ) going painful. watery. ruddy and persons may see blurred vision and sensitiveness to bright visible radiation ( Van der Linden S. 2009 ) . Changing degrees of weariness may besides ensue from the redness caused by AS. The organic structure must utilize excess energy to cover with the redness. therefore doing weariness. Mild to chair anaemia. may ensue from the redness. which can lend to an overall feeling of fatigue. In a minority of persons. the hurting does non get down in the lower dorsum. but in a peripheral articulation such as the hip. mortise joint. cubitus. articulatio genus. heel or shoulder. This hurting is normally caused by enthesitis. which is the redness of the site where a ligament or sinew attaches to cram. Inflammation and hurting in peripheral articulations is more common in juveniles with AS. This can be confounding since. without the immediate presence of back hurting. AS may look like some other signifier of arthritis. AS is more common in immature work forces than in adult females. Typically. 1 in 200 work forces have AS. whereas 1 in 500 adult females have the disease. The symptoms or form of the disease are different in adult females. Quoting Dr. Elaine Adams. â€Å"Women frequently present in a little more untypical manner so it’s even harder to do the diagnosings in adult females. For illustration. some adult females with AS have stated that their symptoms started in the cervix instead than in the lower back† ( Adams. 2010 ) . The hurting usually becomes relentless ( chronic ) . is felt on both sides. and lasts for at least three months. Over the class of months or old ages. the stiffness and hurting can distribute up the spinal column and into the cervix. Pain and tenderness spreading to the ribs. shoulder blades. hips. thighs and heels is possible every bit good. Advanced AS sick persons finally experience deficiency of spinal mobility due to spinal merger. Spinal merger occurs when harm to the joint and environing bone causes Ca to construct up which acts like a cement to maintain the castanetss from crunching together. Fusion eliminates the hurting caused by the castanetss crunching together. but creates the complication of limited flexibleness or stationariness. Diagnosis There is no direct trial to name AS. A clinical scrutiny and X-ray [ gt ; 0 ] surveies of the spinal column. are the major diagnostic tools. A drawback of X-ray diagnosing is that marks and symptoms of AS have normally been established every bit long as 8–10 old ages prior for alterations to be seen on a field movie X-ray. which means a hold of every bit long as 10 old ages before equal therapies and interventions can be introduced. Options for earlier diagnosing are tomography [ gt ; 1 ] and magnetic resonance imaging [ gt ; 2 ] ( MRI ) of the sacroiliac articulations. but the dependability of these trials is still ill-defined. Besides. MRI can be cost prohibitory ( Thomas E. 1998. pp. 343-7 ) . A physical scrutiny by a physician or rheumatologist is necessary in decently naming AS. The scrutiny would imply looking for sites of redness. and look intoing for hurting and tenderness along the dorsum. pelvic castanetss. sacroiliac articulations. thorax and heels. Other symptoms and indexs are besides taken into history. including a history of iritis or uveitis ( redness of the oculus ) . a history of GI infections ( for illustration. the presence of Crohn’s Disease or ulcerative inflammatory bowel disease ) . a household history of AS. every bit good as weariness due to the presence of redness. The Schober’s trial [ gt ; 3 ] is a utile clinical step of flexure of the lumbar spinal column performed during scrutiny. Ankylosing Spondylitis is considered a familial disease and surveies have linked AS with a familial marker called HLA-B27. However. proving positive for this marker is non a warrant that a individual will contract the disease. Approximately 90 % of AS patients carry the HLA-B27 marker but 10 % who exhibit AS disease features do non. The association between AS and HLA-B27 varies in different cultural and racial groups. 95 % of people in the Caucasic population who have AS trial HLA-B27 positive. However. merely 50 % of African American patients with AS possess HLA-B27 marker. Therefore. 5 % of Caucasians and 50 % of African Americans who have AS do non transport the HLA-B27 marker. In 2007. a collaborative attempt by an international squad of research workers in the U. K. . Australia and the United States led to the find of two cistrons. ARTS1 and IL23R [ gt ; 4 ] . that besides contribute to the cause of AS. The findings were published in the November 2007 edition of Nature Genetics. a diary that emphasizes research on the familial footing for common and complex diseases ( Brionez TF. 2008. pp. 348-91 ) . Together with HLA-B27. these two cistrons account for approximately 70 % of the overall incidence of the disease. Treatment with Medications There are many medicines available to handle AS and its symptoms. Depending on the phase of the disease and its rate of patterned advance. different medicines are recommended. Peoples respond to medicines with changing degrees of effectivity. therefore it may take clip to happen the most effectual medicine for handling person with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs ( NSAIDs ) NSAIDs are the most normally used category of medicine used in handling the redness and swelling associated with AS and therefore cut down hurting and stiffness. For illustration. Ibuprofen is a generic NSAID and is found in nonprescription hurting stand-ins such as Advil and Motrin. They normally come in tablet signifier and are taken orally. Sometimes high doses of NSAIDs are needed to keep alleviation from the symptoms of Ankylosing Spondylitis. This can present a job in that NSAIDs can do important side effects. particularly in the GI piece of land ( tummy. bowels. etc. ) . NSAIDs can do decrease in the protective mucous secretion in the tummy. which can do stomach annoyance. In clip. this can take to heartburn. gastritis every bit good as ulcers and even hemorrhage. Peoples can take other medicines. such as alkalizers. to neutralize or forestall the production of extra tummy acid or take drugs to assist coat and protect the tummy and aid reconstruct the lost mucous secretion. Harmonizing to Spondylitis Association of America. there is a different category of NSAIDs known as COX-2 inhibitors ( or COXIBs ) have helped some patients cut down the hazard of GI complications associated with traditional NSAID therapy. An illustration of a COXIB is Celebrex ( Celecoxib ) . which is still being used to handle spondyloarthritis. Others. such as Vioxx. were pulled from the market because of possible cardiac side effects ( SAA Medication Treatments. 2009 ) . Although NSAIDs are normally the first line of medicines used to handle Ankylosing Spondylitis. sometimes they aren’t adequate to command the symptoms. NSAIDs may merely be partly effectual or the side effects excessively terrible to go on their usage. In this instance. a physician may order one of the undermentioned medicines: Sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine is one type of medicine that can be helpful to some people with this terrible disease. It is known to efficaciously command non merely hurting and joint swelling from arthritis of the little articulations. but besides the enteric lesions in inflammatory intestine disease. It comes in tablet signifier and is taken orally. Side effects are comparatively infrequent. but can include concerns. abdominal bloating. sickness and unwritten ulcers. Rarely. person being prescribed this medicine can develop bone marrow suppression. which is why it is of import to on a regular basis supervise blood counts. Methotrexate Originally developed to handle malignant neoplastic disease. this chemotherapy drug is widely used and frequently really effectual for the intervention of arthritic arthritis. When prescribed for handling Ankylosing Spondylitis. it is given in much smaller doses. Methotrexate can either be taken via a self-injectable shooting. or orally in tablet signifier. When taking amethopterin. it is besides necessary to take the vitamin folic acid in order to assist stamp down possible side effects. Oral ulcers and sickness are the most common side effects. but can be minimized by taking folic acid. Because of other possible serious side effects. the frequent monitoring of blood counts and liver trials are required. Methotrexate lowers the ability for patients to contend infection. Therefore. patients taking it should avoid contact with those who are ill. Corticosteroids Corticosteroids such as Orasone can be effectual in alleviating the redness of AS. but the side effects of long-run usage can be really terrible. Corticosteroid injections into the inflamed articulations can supply impermanent alleviation of the hurting caused by arthritis or bursitis. In cases of Achilles’ tendinitis. such injections are seldom. if of all time used because of the hazard of tearing the Achilles sinew. Besides. the utility of corticosteroid injections to alleviate the symptoms of plantar fasciitis ( list hurting ) is non clear. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha inhibitors AS patients produce excessively much of an inflammatory substance called Tumor-Necrosis-Factor alpha ( TNF-a ) . TNF-a blockers are biologic medicines that have shown great promise in handling AS by adhering the extra TNF-a. therefore cut downing redness. TNF-a blockers slow the advancement of AS in the bulk of clinical instances. assisting many patients receive a important decrease. though non riddance. of their redness and hurting. They have been shown to be extremely effectual in handling the arthritis of the articulations and the spinal arthritis associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis. Examples of TNF? [ gt ; 5 ] blockers are: Enbrel ( etanercept [ gt ; 6 ] ) . Remicade ( infliximab [ gt ; 7 ] ) . Humira ( adalimumab [ gt ; 8 ] ) and Simponi ( Golimumab ) . Besides the frequently high cost of over $ 600 per injection. the most serious known side consequence of the TNF blockers is the fact that these drugs increase the hazard of infections. particularly TB. Therefore. a TB trial is normally required before get downing any of the TNF therapies. Patients taking the TNF medicines are advised to restrict their exposure to others who are or may be transporting a virus ( such as a cold or grippe ) or who may hold a bacterial or fungous infection. A really rare possible complication is increased frequence of malignant neoplastic disease. particularly of the blood. such as leukaemia or of the lymphatic system as in lymphoma. ( SAA Medication Treatments. 2009 ) .

Could the United States continue as one nation What values resided at Essay

Could the United States continue as one nation What values resided at the core of the nations identity And What did they believe it meant to be an American - Essay Example The first example of this is when the colonists moved the Native Americans off their own land. This caused a lot of fighting such as the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, where 3,000 U.S. soldiers fought and beat 2,000 Native Americans. Other Indians were forced to move from their land and live on reservations. Another terrible event with the Native Americans was the Trail of Tears in 1838. About 15,000 Cherokees were forced to leave their possessions and homes in Georgia and go to Oklahoma. About 4,000 of the Indians died on the trail. Another race that was discriminated by Americans was the Africans. Americans thought they were superior and they enslaved the Africans. They thought that Africans were racially inferior. Africans were taken from their homes, crammed on to ships, and then sold as slaves. They were treated bad and did not have rights. Finally after the Civil War, slavery was abolished. Even though there was still racism, this was viewed as a good change. Change is generally thought of as a good thing to Americans. Change is thought of as improvement, progress, and advancement in the American society. Nevertheless, in older and more traditional cultures, change is thought to be disparaging and troublesome. New technology is always being introduced and welcomed in the U.S. This could be because many inventors lived in America and introduced these new inventions. One of the first great inventors in America was Benjamin Franklin. In the mid 1700s, Franklin did many activities to help the technology in the U.S. get better, including experiments with lightning. Thomas Edison invented many things to fuel this characteristic of Americans, such as the incandescent light bulb. Between 1867 and 1931, Edison had patented over 1,000 inventions. Another great inventor was Alexander Graham Bell who invented the telephone in 1876. Before 1860, the U.S. Patent Office had only issued 36,000 patents, but

Intellectual Property Law Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intellectual Property Law Master - Essay Example For the purpose of identification of the source of goods or services, marks enable consumers to ensure expected quality. Further, marks help consumers to identify goods and services that meet their individual expectations. Additionally, trademarks ensure accountability and responsibility for in the absence of these, a seller's mistakes or low quality products would be untraceable to their source. Therefore, trademarks not only provide an incentive to maintain a good reputation for a predictable quality of goods but also make it essential to be responsible for the quality and price of the goods manufactured or sold. One of the main underlying purposes of trade mark law is to protect the owner's investment in the quality of the goods or services sold from dilution due to unfair competition and deceptive advertising by unscrupulous competitors. With the purpose of defining which goods or services a company has rights over, all goods and services in the world are categorised into 45 (formerly 42) internationally recognised categories. A trade mark registration will only be for some of these categories. Further, within each category the trade mark application must specify exactly which goods/services are claimed. For instance, most trade mark registries will not accept applications which try to claim all goods in Class 1. Trademarks must be Trademarks must be actively used and defended in contrast to other forms of intellectual property such as copyrights and patents. A copyright or patent holder may "sit on" his creation and prevent its use, but a company claiming (even registering) a trademark that fails to make active use of it, or fails to defend it against infringement, may lose the exclusive right to it. Further, if a court rules that a formerly trademarked term has become "generic" through common use or in other words the average consumer doesn't realize it is a trademark, it may also be ruled invalid. (Trademark, 2006). In the sequel the registrability of certain types of marks under the 1994 Trade Marks Act, including the grounds for their acceptance or refusal will be contemplated. One, the trademark smell of roses as applied to Rambling Rose Dolls. Amendment to the U.K. Trademark Act in 1994 has resulted in a number of scent registrations being issued in the U.K. These include the registration of the smell of roses as applied to car tyres (Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd., Registration No. 2,001,416). In addition, applications for scent marks in other European countries have also originated and the OHIM has permitted the registration of a trade mark comprising "The Smell of Fresh Cut Grass (Application No. 428,870) for tennis balls. This mark is also registered in Benelux (Registration No. 591,693). (Sarginson, Lloyd C. & Sversky, Lillian, March 29, 2000). Many a time the purpose of scents is to increase the attractiveness of products. However, it is highly unlikely that potential consumers will associate these fragrances with the product and hence it makes the task of establishing adequate distinctiveness on this basis difficult. In order to be registrable a s mell mark: 1. It must be established that the smell is either used or will be used as a trademark. 2. The smell is an additional component created by the manufacturer and does not arise from the goods or services. 3. The public either associates or will associate the smell exclusively with that

Pharmaceutical microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pharmaceutical microbiology - Essay Example Development and maintenance of a sterile compounding are complete with sterilized equipment and supplies. Aseptic technique is a means of manipulating sterile products without contaminating them. Proper use of a LAH and strict aseptic technique are the most important factors in preventing the contamination of sterile products Contamination is a basic in introduction of antibiotic resulting into need for aseptic techniques .the techniques is designed to prevent access of the drug by the unnecessary substances and this is a risk associated with contamination which may include; The air, air that is not sterilize may contain bacteria e.g. micrococci, bacillus and clostridium. And these are pathogenic and may access the drug during production; the staff involved may also risk the drug by introducing bacteria especially which may eject droplets into the air compromising the properties of the drug. The skin may be contaminated especially most of the hand s by handling non sterilize product which are not sterilize and machines and these may then transfer the pathogen to the drug during preparation risking its purity. The clothing used during aseptic preparation should be sterilized less they risk the status of the products they produce, before starting the production, the laundry should be done to eliminate the dust that may be carried into the preparation room and the sleeve should be rolled above the elbow so that they do not pick any foreign bodies from surfaces which are not clean. Before taking any procedure in preparation in the production room through aseptic, the surfaces of the working benches should be sterilized using a bactericidal solution to minimize the risk that the drug may be exposed to. Sealing reduces the risk of the drug to contamination, used of fused ampules is much preferred which are the sterilized after sealing ,the product is then expected to remain

The Lynmouth Floods

The Lynmouth Floods Case Study: Lynmouth Lynmouth is a village in Devon, England, on the north edge of Exmoor. The village is on the converging point of the West Lyn and East Lyn rivers, in a gorge 700 feet (210 m) below Lynton, to which it is connected by the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway. The two villages are governed at local level by Lynton and Lynmouth Town Council. Lynmouth is rural area with not much corporate activity going on. It is in the coastal part of the United Kingdom Island, which makes it a large tourist attraction spot. People usually come to Lynmouth for Tourism and the activities they do are mainly horseback riding, fishing and boat rides. Flood in 1952 On the 15th and 16th of August 1952, a storm of tropical started over in south-west England, precipitating 229 millimetres (9.0 in) of rain within 24 hours on a coastal area, Exmoor. It is thought that a cold front started a thunderstorm, and the storm worsened. An immediate surface run-off occurred and it caused a flash flood. Large amounts of floodwaters moved down the northern part, converging upon the village of Lynmouth; in particular, in the upper West Lyn valley, a dam was formed by fallen trees. This caused potential energy to form and after a while the water broke through the dam sending a huge wave of water and fragments down that river. Overnight, over 100 buildings were destroyed or seriously damaged along with 28 of the 31 bridges, and 38 cars were washed out to sea. In total, 34 people died, with a further 420 made homeless. Overall the rainstorm lasted about fourteen hours and 300 million gallons of rain precipitated. Cause of the Flood The small but steep sided drainage basin in which Lynmouth was situated increased the risk of flooding in the area. The steep sides encouraged greater surface runoff and combined with the small drainage basin size meant any water could reach the river fairly quickly. This was made worse by the high drainage density of the area due to the impermeable rocks of the area around Exmoor which formed the source of the river; again increasing the amount of surface runoff following rainfall. Prior to August 15th 1952 Lynmouth had received above average rainfall for 12 out of the first 14 days of the month meaning the soils were already saturated and the river levels high. On August 15th a heavy thunderstorm resulted in 200mm falling in 14 hours, one of the three heaviest rainfalls recorded in the UK. This heavy rain combined with the saturated ground and rapid surface runoff resulted in a huge volume of water flowing down the river. As Lynmouth is situated at the confluence of the East and We st Lyn rivers the volume of water was increased further at this point and the was far beyond the capacity of the river channel causing the river to burst its banks. This resulted in devastating floods as the West Lyn which had been diverted during the construction of parts of Lynmouth retook its natural course, flowing straight through the village. Prevention Following the Lynmouth flood disaster, flood management plans were put in place to try and ensure such a disaster could not happen again by managing any excess rain water so that the River could handle it in the in the future. A number of flood management strategies were put in place: The mouth of the East Lyn was widened to increase capacity and allow water to quickly pass into the Bristol Channel The West Lyn was straightened to increase channel efficiency straightening the channel reduces friction and increases velocity, enabling water to travel through the channel as quickly as possible making it more efficient in coping with flood waters; The West Lyn was not redirected, instead being allowed to follow its natural course Floodplain zoning was used to identify areas around the river most at risk from flooding. Building restrictions were then put in place with areas close to the river which are most prone to flooding being left as open spaces such as car parks. Bridges were made wider and taller to allow flood water to tr avel quickly beneath them and to reduce the likelihood of debris becoming trapped and acting like a dam as had happened in 1952;Embankments were built by the river to increase channel capacity and reduce the likelihood of flooding; More trees were planted upstream in the source area to try and reduce initial surface runoff through interception and the soaking up of water. Tree roots also help to improve infiltration by opening up the soil and slowing down the rate at which water reaches the ground;

The Remarkable Ayn Rand :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Remarkable Ayn Rand      Ã‚  "If a life can have a 'theme song' - and I believe that every worthwhile one has - mine is [best] expressed in one word: Individualism." (qtd. in ARI)   This quote from Ayn Rand can be applied to everything she did or thought during her life.   Born in St. Petersburg, Russia on February 2, 1905, Rand felt out of place in her native country.   She didn't agree with the prevailing ideas of mysticism and collectivism that formed the Russian government and society.   So at age 21, in 1926, she sailed to the United States.   It was in the US that Ayn Rand made a name for herself, and began a new philosophy that would affect people around the world.    Rand knew at age nine that she wanted to become a fiction writer.   What she didn't know was that her name would soon be known across the United States, as well as Europe, for her controversial novels.   Her first novel, We the Living, was published in 1936.   But it wasn't until 1945, with the arrival of The Fountainhead, that she won international fame.   Rand had established a reputation as a talented novelist and philosopher by the time Atlas Shrugged was first printed in 1957.   This work is considered by some to be her greatest achievement: an intellectual mystery story integrating ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, politics, economics, and sex.   It also formulated "a philosophy for living on earth" (qtd. in ARI), sometimes referred to as objectivism.   When she died on March 6, 1982 in her New York City apartment, she had sold over 20 million books.    Although Ayn Rand is known mostly for her writing, her career in the United States began in the film industry.   She left her relatives' home in Chicago to pursue a career as a screenwriter in Hollywood.   On her second day in the city, she was standing on a corner and was offered a ride by Cecil B. DeMille, a director.   He brought her to the set of his current film, The King of Kings, and gave her a job as an extra.   It was here, a week later, that she met actor Frank O'Connor, whom she married in 1929.   And although they were married for 50 years, Rand also had an 18 year relationship with Nathaniel Branden.

Musical Theatre – Fiction Assignment

Andrea drives a car through busy New York traffic (‘A Good Start of the Day’) and receives a phone call from Miranda who orders her to get her car from auto care, her dog from a vet, and bring them to Miranda’s house. When Andrea comes to report to Miranda that everything has been done, her boss tells her that she was supposed to bring the car and the god to the office instead of Miranda’s house. She tells her assistant that everything should be by the door of her office in 15 minutes (‘15 Minutes’). The atmosphere in the headquarters of ‘Runway’ is tense and almost hysterical (‘The World of Fashion’). When Andrea fulfills these directions, they leave for a preliminary show of the latest collection of a prominent designer (‘Behind the Scenes’). Andrea proves to be more qualified than Emily, and Miranda decides to take Andrea on an important business trip to Paris — the fact that deeply offends and disappoints Emily (‘Paris, Je T'aime Moi Non Plus’). When Andrea comes home that night, she realizes that she forgot about her boyfriend’s birthday (‘This Not-so-special Day’), and their relationship teeters at the lip of abyss. Act 2 Miranda and Emily arrive to Paris; they attend top-notch fashion shows and receptions (‘Eurostar’). Andrea occasionally meets Christian whom she knows from New York, and the romantic atmosphere of Paris makes her spend a night with him. However, in the morning she realizes that she made a mistake and finds herself missing Nate (‘Charms Are Frail’). On board of the plane that carries her back to New York, Andrea reconsiders her lifestyle and values (‘Home Again’). She is unhappy to return to her busy workplace (‘The World of Fashion: Reprise’). She decides to quit her job and strike a better balance between her professional and private life. Before leaving, she presents all the designer clothes to Emily (‘These Little Pieces of Fabric’) and in this way denounces the importance of looks and fashion. The musical ends with a scene of Andrea reunion with Nate (‘Being True to Yourself’). Character List Andrea Sachs: She is a young graduate from Midwest who has just moved to New York to look for a job at a magazine or newspaper. At the beginning, she is confident of her abilities, yet she is easily confused by vibrant New York life and tough approach of her new boss. Miranda Priestley: She is a powerful and authoritarian editor of the ‘Runway’ magazine. She has connections both in the press world and in the world of fashion; however, she often demonstrates her power by maltreating her subordinates. Emily: She used to be the first assistant to Miranda before the arrival of Andrea who proved to be more competent and was promoted to Emily’s position. Nigel: He is the art director of ‘Runway’ who often advices Andrea on how to dress with taste and deal with Miranda’s whims. Nate: He is Andrea’s boyfriend who suffers from lack of attention and condemns her girlfriend paying too much attention to her job and her looks. Christian: He is a magazine writer who fancies Andrea and eventually seduces her into a romantic adventure in Paris. Chorus: Chorus, together with Nigel, performs ‘The World of Fashion’ song and serves the purpose of conveying the atmosphere of fashion industry characterized by (quoting ‘Sunset Boulevard’ musical) ‘whispered conversations in overcrowded hallways.’ Song List Act 1 A Good Start of the Day (upbeat) 15 Minutes (upbeat) The World of Fashion (dance) Behind the Scenes (upbeat) Paris, Je T'aime Moi Non Plus (ballad) This Not-so-special Day (ballad) Act 2 Eurostar (upbeat) Charms Are Frail (ballad) Home Again (ballad) The World of Fashion: Reprise (dance) These Little Pieces of Fabric (upbeat) Being True to Yourself (ballad) Spectacle There are three different set: headquarters of the ‘Runway’ magazine, Andrea and Nate’s apartment, and Paris. The first set features the use of bright lights, crowd, hallstands, and various posters from fashion shows. The second set should convey the calm and comfortable atmosphere of New York middle-class couple. The third set features some of the landmarks of Paris (e.g. Eiffel Tower) and creates the atmosphere of excess, lush, and festivity. Almost all costumes used in the musical should be expensive and fashionable designer clothes; the only character that wears casual clothes in Nate. No special effects are used, but the song ‘The World of Fashion’ is accompanied by a ballet. The theme of the musical is the balance between professional and public life and hard choices people have to make. It also deals with the ability to stay honest and kindhearted under the pressure from inhibiting circumstances.

Free Essays on Rasputin And Empress Alexandra

Rasputin and the Empress Alexandra Rasputin’s power and political significance is often overshadowed by his tragedy. In the empress’s letters to her husband it is hard to realize at first their historical significance. Most of the Rasputin’s tragedy passed unnoticed by many, for the most part, behind closed doors. The only real public part of the tragedy was Rasputin’s obvious indifference toward what was going on outside of the court. Several people have written accounts of the royal family and Rasputin. The most accurate is the account by M. Gillard who expresses in great detail the home life of the royal family. There are also accounts by Madame Vyrubov who was continually with the family and was the chosen middle man between the Empress and Rasputin. Others who wrote about the royals were Madame Lili Dehn, a friend of the empress; Beletsky, the chief of police; M. Paleologue, the French ambassador. A notable exception in this list of small accounts is that of Mr. Michael Rodzianko who prepared his account in exile. Rasputin was born in Porrovskoe, he had no last name as he was just of common birth. When he was old enough he went to a nearby monastery. Upon his return he became a strannik, or roving preacher. During his time at the monastery he became part of a group called Khlysty, a group of men who mixed orgies with religious raptures. These men were condemned by the Orthodox Church. Even after leaving the monastery Rasputin continued his scandalous ways. An investigation of his actions began by looking into his numerous seductions. The investigation was led by Bishop Antony of Tobolsk. During the investigation Rasputin disappeared to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg he gained the confidence of Bishop Theophan, head of the Petersburg Religious Academy and confessor to the empress. Rasputin also secured patronage of the daughter of King Nicholas and her husband. It was through them that Rasput... Free Essays on Rasputin And Empress Alexandra Free Essays on Rasputin And Empress Alexandra Rasputin and the Empress Alexandra Rasputin’s power and political significance is often overshadowed by his tragedy. In the empress’s letters to her husband it is hard to realize at first their historical significance. Most of the Rasputin’s tragedy passed unnoticed by many, for the most part, behind closed doors. The only real public part of the tragedy was Rasputin’s obvious indifference toward what was going on outside of the court. Several people have written accounts of the royal family and Rasputin. The most accurate is the account by M. Gillard who expresses in great detail the home life of the royal family. There are also accounts by Madame Vyrubov who was continually with the family and was the chosen middle man between the Empress and Rasputin. Others who wrote about the royals were Madame Lili Dehn, a friend of the empress; Beletsky, the chief of police; M. Paleologue, the French ambassador. A notable exception in this list of small accounts is that of Mr. Michael Rodzianko who prepared his account in exile. Rasputin was born in Porrovskoe, he had no last name as he was just of common birth. When he was old enough he went to a nearby monastery. Upon his return he became a strannik, or roving preacher. During his time at the monastery he became part of a group called Khlysty, a group of men who mixed orgies with religious raptures. These men were condemned by the Orthodox Church. Even after leaving the monastery Rasputin continued his scandalous ways. An investigation of his actions began by looking into his numerous seductions. The investigation was led by Bishop Antony of Tobolsk. During the investigation Rasputin disappeared to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg he gained the confidence of Bishop Theophan, head of the Petersburg Religious Academy and confessor to the empress. Rasputin also secured patronage of the daughter of King Nicholas and her husband. It was through them that Rasput...

The Youth and AIDS and HIV essays

The Youth and AIDS and HIV essays I dont think that its just the young people of Americas fault. Some of it we have to blame on the music we listen too and the things we see on TV. Granted we can block or restrict what we watch and listen too. But young people still do watch it and listen to there favorite actors or musicians either saying this stuff or acting it out. After being presented with the statistics and facts, I am astonished and horrified that so little attention is given to this issue. I think that people think that they can hear something and do nothing about it because it doesnt pertain to them, or they dont know enough about it to do anything about it. We really should start to take things in our world seriously and not just take them as an individuals problem. We cant just leave it as it is because more and more people will start to obtain the disease and it will become an epidemic. In conclusion us as citizens of Elkhart Indiana the county with the highest AIDS and HIV rate in Indiana we should inform others of the discoveries that we have made in the discussion we had with the speakers. If everyone would just become more educated in that subject the world would be a better place with less unneeded deaths. I also think that if teens and adults alike were to shut off the TV sets and turn off the radios and think for themselves they might be able to end this epidemic for good. ...

Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assignment - Research Paper Example These people strive to gain more power upon the work setup and are best motivated by roles that require them to execute their leadership skills. The third need identified by McClelland is the need for affiliation. People who have this as the most important need are called as the n-aff people. These people seek to make friends in the workplace. The more they socialize, the more they are motivated for work. Putting these people in roles in which they feel isolated makes them lose motivation for work. Although the behavior of workers is a mix of all these needs, yet one of the three governs an individual’s behavior. This theory raises numerous new challenges for the managers. First of all, managers don’t have an objective means to confirm whether the three needs identified by the McClelland’s theory are sufficient to represent all needs. Some people value job security and salary more than power, affiliation or achievement. Even if managers assume that the McClelland ’s theory is sufficient to represent all needs, they don’t have a robust means to identify the way they are combined in different workers. In order to keep them motivated, managers need to be sure that a certain worker values certain need more than others. Then, there is no means to be sure that an individual’s need-combination would not alter with time. After all, people’s preferences in life keep changing from time to time. An individual who values power more than anything else at a certain point in time may start to value achievement more later on. Our likes and preferences are shaped by our daily life experiences. Hence, there is a lot of flexibility in out choice of needs. All these factors render it very difficult for a manager to address the individualistic needs of people and make them remain motivated for work. In this research, I tend to bring answers to the aforementioned doubts by exploring people’s needs in a certain work

Ebola virus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ebola virus - Essay Example Nevertheless, the recent outbreaks have involved major towns and rural areas mostly in various parts of West Africa according to CDC (2014). Conversely, the EVD background can be traced back in the 1976 simultaneously in Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as an acute and fatal illness if untreated. However, the countries that have been severely affected are those with weak health systems and inadequate human and infrastructural resources according to Feldmann & Feldmann (2013). However, since the Ebola Virus Disease transmission, symptoms and prevention and control is of international public health emergency concern according to the World Health Organization (WHO) community engagement and early supportive care are the most central points of controlling the Ebola outbreaks. It is worth understanding that, no licensed Ebola vaccines have been recently been registered, but potential clinical candidates are undergoing examination and evaluation (Filippone, 2013). Analysis presented in this paper is helpful in understanding the background, the causative agent of classification, structure, replication, as well as transmission. The paper uncovers the epidemiological statistics of Ebola virus diseases in relation to the clinical manifestation, preference and the laboratory strategies used in the disease identification according to Roddy et al. (2012). Similarly, the paper demonstrate realistically the preventive and treatment measures are exploiting the past, current and the future outlook of the Ebola Virus Disease. Lastly a conclusion and recommendation is given illustrating various adaptive mechanisms that can be done to in the epidemic-prone area to be successful prepared in handling the EVD and communication before it can widely spread (Lister, 2014). Ebola virus as the causative agent for the Ebola Virus Disease

The Impacts the opening of Terminal 5 has had on Terminal 3 and the Essay

The Impacts the opening of Terminal 5 has had on Terminal 3 and the Staff managerial structure - Essay Example Paton & McCalman (2008) in Change Management deal with the managers perspective in such change and state that the "problem more often than not is a less than competent management of the change situation." (p.39.) This competent management, as mentioned, was clearly lacking in the areas that we highlighted with respect to proper information being disseminated to the staff regarding their parking area, as well as the proper and effective management of the Information Technology process pertaining to the baggage sorting and handling. Paton & McCalman further state that the change management aspect is in fact a "multi-disciplinary activity" where key elements and skills that should be possessed and displayed include effective communication, maintaining motivation, facilitation and orchestration of group and individual activities, negotiation and influence and possibly most importantly the planning and control elements of the entire change. (p.40) Based on the results of the opening day o f Terminal 5, we believe that a number of these elements were in fact missing, especially that of the communication and the effective planning – this is displayed in the results that were produced on opening day. From the perspective of our research, the respondents mostly agreed that such change was required and in analyzing the size and complexities of BAs operations within Terminal 3 we believe that such change was needed. The respondents did not really reveal any negative feedback regarding such change, with the only notable feedback being that of the mentioned automation of deployment and the reshuffling of staff as well as the fact that the staff were no longer working in teams. These responses were not specifically relayed as negative but rather of how the situation is now. One has to accept that the company has employed technologically advanced means in